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HOST DEFENSES. "Cells respond to virus attack by activating a variety of signal transduction pathways leading to the production of interferons, which limit or eliminate the invading virus. The presence of viruses inside the cell is first sensed by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that recognize the pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)." https://lnkd.in/eFuy4KS View in LinkedIn

AGENTS OF CELL DEATH. "Depending upon the need, a virus may inhibit or induce apoptosis for the obvious purpose of replication and spread, respectively. Interference in mitochondrial function can cause either cell death due to deregulation of the Ca2+ signaling pathways and ATP depletion or apoptosis due to regulation of Bcl-2 family proteins. Apoptosis is a programmed cell death." https://lnkd.in/eFuy4KS View in LinkedIn

STRESS AND MITOCHONDRIA. "During stress conditions, a small fraction of electrons leave complex III and reach complex IV. This premature electron leakage to oxygen results in the formation of two types of superoxides, namely, in its anionic form, and in its protonated form." https://lnkd.in/eFuy4KS View in LinkedIn

TOXIC REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES (ROS). "The mitochondrial respiratory chain is the main and most significant source of reactive oxygen species (RO) in the cell. Superoxide is the primary ROS produced by mitochondria. In the normal state, there is little or no leakage of electrons between the complexes of the electron transport chain." https://lnkd.in/eFuy4KS View in LinkedIn

OXIDATIVE STRESS. "A number of viruses cause oxidative stress to the host cells, which directly or indirectly helps them to survive. Many viral proteins alter mitochondrial ion permeability and/or membrane potential for their survival in the cell." https://lnkd.in/eFuy4KS View in LinkedIn

INTIMATE RELATIONSHIP. "Perhaps nowhere in nature is a parasitic relationship as well defined as that which occurs between a virus and its host cell. Viruses rely on the host cell for propagation, utilizing cellular machinery for the replication and assembly of viral components and the release of progeny virions." https://lnkd.in/esrit55 View in LinkedIn

FRAGMENT FROM NATURE continues from last weekend about the battle between virus and its host for control of the host's cellular machinery, which is obligatory to allow the virus to enter, replicate, and thrive. The sophistication of the molecular strategies employed by viruses to evade host defenses is evidence of a vibrant adaptive response by the virus, forever probing endless new possibilities via intense genetic variation. View in LinkedIn

VIRAL PROTEINS. "It is difficult not only to discern from nucleic acid sequences how retroviral polyproteins are made, but also to recognize that complex patterns of proteolytic cleavage are required to produce the mature proteins found in mature virions." https://lnkd.in/eBisbvi View in LinkedIn

STEALTH MODE. "Viruses Mimic the Host Mitochondrial Proteins. Mimicking aids the viruses to gain access to host cellular machinery and greatly helps in their survival in the hostile host environment." https://lnkd.in/eFuy4KS View in LinkedIn

THREE FLIES IN THE OINTMENT. "The fact that there is a direct relationship between the structure of the complex macromolecules involved in retroviral replication and their function has long been clear. Three factors complicate the correlation of retroviral nucleic acid sequence with their encoded proteins: ribosomal frameshifting, readthrough suppression of termination codons, and splicing, which is, in some cases, quite complex." https://lnkd.in/eBisbvi View in LinkedIn