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"JUNK DNA" is a term that has absolutely no respect for the raw ingenuity or the awesome splendor of nature. 'Vestigial' (or in the process of evolving), or 'fossil' (as in an ancient fingerprint), could be conceivable terms when faced with unknown functionality, but nature is not in the habit of creating molecular junk yards with no utility. View in LinkedIn

TWO MILLION PROTEINS. "It is also estimated that human body has the ability to generate 2 million different types of proteins, coded by only 20,000 - 25,000 of our genes. The sum of proteins in biological organisms exceeds 10 million, but nobody has a clear picture of this." https://lnkd.in/eWShf4J View in LinkedIn

SASUMO ONO, at the City of Hope National Medical Center apparently coined the term "junk DNA" in 1972. Despite no support, the term lingered for decades. "The reason is, that "facts don't kill theories, only theories that exceed obsolete dogma can kill old theories." Time to expunge an ugly idea. https://lnkd.in/eWKpGqJ View in LinkedIn

INTERNAL PROTEINS. "In addition, 11,996 (61%) genes are predicted to be intracellular, i.e. no secreted or membrane-bound protein product, and most likely as intracellular proteins in the cytoplasm and/or nucleus." https://lnkd.in/eyqgiYT View in LinkedIn

NON-CODING OR JUNK DNA. "Transposons have been called "junk" DNA and "selfish" DNA, "selfish" because their only function seems to make more copies of themselves and "junk" because there is no obvious benefit to their host." https://lnkd.in/eP9MxUZ View in LinkedIn

GENE LANDSCAPE. "Interestingly, several genes code for multiple protein isoforms (splice variants) with alternative locations, including 676 genes with both secreted and membrane-bound isoforms. 2,927 genes (15%) are predicted to have at least one secreted protein product, while 5,462 (28%) are predicted to have at least one membrane-bound protein product." https://lnkd.in/eyqgiYT View in LinkedIn

UNEXPECTED. "The presence of retrovirus sequences in animal genomes has been recognized since the 1970s, but is readily explained by the fact that these viruses integrate into chromosomal DNA as part of their normal replication cycle. Unexpectedly, however, we identified a large and diverse population of sequences in animal genomes that are derived from non-retroviral viruses." https://lnkd.in/bBjWGE5 View in LinkedIn

CORNERSTONE PROTEINS. "Approximately 39% of the 19,709 human protein-coding genes are predicted to have either a signal peptide and/or at least one transmembrane region suggesting active transport of the corresponding protein out of the cell (secretion) or location in one of the numerous membrane systems in the cell." https://lnkd.in/eyqgiYT View in LinkedIn

RESISTANCE. "Mutations in Retroviral Genes Associated with Drug Resistance." https://lnkd.in/ewhe2gK View in LinkedIn

SURPRISE. "One of the perhaps most surprising results of the genome-sequencing projects was that the number of genes is much lower than had been expected and is, in fact, surprisingly similar for very different organisms. For example, the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans appears to have a similar number of genes as humans, whereas rice and maize appear to have even more genes than humans." https://lnkd.in/eRf9t-7 View in LinkedIn