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META-GROUPS. "Proteins can also work together to achieve a particular function, and they often associate to form stable complexes." https://en.m.wikibooks.org/wiki/Principles_of_Biochemistry/Amino_acids_and_proteins View in LinkedIn

COFACTORS. "Shortly after or even during synthesis, the residues in a protein are often chemically modified by post-translational modification, which alters the physical and chemical properties, folding, stability, activity, and ultimately, the function of the proteins. Sometimes proteins have non-peptide groups attached, which can be called prosthetic groups or cofactors." https://lnkd.in/eeMC3wc View in LinkedIn

POST-TRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATIONS. "The human body contains roughly 20,000 genes that are capable of producing proteins. Each gene can produce multiple forms of a protein, and these in turn can be decorated with several post-translational modifications: they can have phosphate or methyl groups attached, or be joined to lipids or carbohydrates, all of which affect their function." http://sandwalk.blogspot.com.es/2015/12/how-many-different-proteins-are-made-in.html View in LinkedIn

ESTIMATE. "The number of potential molecules you can make from one gene is huge...It's very hard to estimate, but I wouldn't be surprised to have in one cell type 100,000 or more different proteins.” https://lnkd.in/e7av6ik View in LinkedIn

NUMBER OF COPIES. "Proteins perform all the basic tasks in the cell, including producing energy, maintaining cell structures, regulating these processes and serving as signals to other cells. At any one time there can be anywhere from three to 10 million copies of a given protein in the cell." https://lnkd.in/eGii4i4 View in LinkedIn

MOMENT-BY-MOMENT. "Then there is the matter of sheer numbers. A cell expresses between 10,000 to 15,000 proteins at any one time.' https://lnkd.in/eGii4i4 View in LinkedIn

TOTAL NUMBER. "We estimate the expected total number of proteins per unit cell volume as 2–4 million proteins per cubic micron. Some reported values for fission yeast and mammalian cells using mass spectrometry are 3–10 times lower than these estimates." https://lnkd.in/e-mvp3k View in LinkedIn

OTHER EXAPTATION EXAMPLES. "Evolution is littered with examples of opportunism. Hosts infected by viruses found new uses for the genetic material the agents of disease left behind; metabolic enzymes somehow came to refract light rays through the eye’s lens; mammals took advantage of the sutures between the skull bones to help their young pass through the birth canal." https://lnkd.in/ehYPdVy View in LinkedIn

MEMBRANE PROTEN TARGETS. "Out of the 625 protein targets with known pharmacological action for approved drugs on the market at present, 148 are secreted and 372 membrane-bound." Only 2-3% of the human genome is currently a druggable target. https://lnkd.in/eyqgiYT View in LinkedIn

MOLECULAR EXAMPLE. "Research is also uncovering molecular examples of exaptation. For instance, genetic material left behind by viruses now plays an important role in mammalian pregnancy. While an exaptation is co-opted from another or no apparent use, an adaptation is constructed by natural selection for its current use." http://www.livescience.com/39688-exaptation.html View in LinkedIn