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MAMMALIAN GUT. "Much of the microbiota's genome plasticity is thought to be attributable to horizontal gene transfer (HGT), the most effective mechanism of which is conjugation, the exchange of plasmids. Conjugational plasmid transfer is consistently fueling the emergence of hypervirulent or antibiotic-resistant pathogens." https://lnkd.in/ejBu7My View in LinkedIn

"CASPASES are cysteine proteases that initiate or execute cellular programs, leading to inflammation or cell death. They are synthesized as inactive zymogens, and their potent cellular activities are tightly controlled by proteolytic activation. Caspases are categorized as either proinflammatory or proapoptotic, depending upon their participation in these cellular programs." http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0092867410000759 View in LinkedIn

CYTOKINE ACTIVATION. "Inflammasomes are key signalling platforms that detect pathogenic microorganisms and sterile stressors, and that activate the highly pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-18" via caspase activation from cleavage. https://lnkd.in/eSuQQy4 View in LinkedIn

NUMEROUS SIGNALS. "Despite their cytosolic location, they are capable of launching an effective immune response against extracellular, vacuolar, and intracellular bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Inflammasomes also sense crystalline substances such as silica and alum, and endogenous danger signals such as ATP, and mount appropriate immune responses." https://lnkd.in/edtaHiu View in LinkedIn

MOLECULAR SIGNATURES. "The inflammasome sensor molecules can detect a broad range of molecular signatures to sense microorganisms and tissue stress. They are best known for triggering a robust inflammatory response via the activation of inflammatory caspases." https://lnkd.in/eSuQQy4 View in LinkedIn

INFLAMMATORY DEATH. "Inflammasome-dependent caspase-1 activity can result in a highly inflammatory form of cell death known as pyroptosis in myeloid cells. Pyroptosis occurs most frequently upon infection with intracellular pathogens and is likely to form part of the antimicrobial response." http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0092867410000759 View in LinkedIn

MICROBIAL STRATEGY. "Microbial pathogens may improve their ability to persist in infected hosts by causing the death of cells required for host defense. Although some intracellular pathogens may employ strategies to prevent cell death during pathogen replication, escape and dissemination to new host cells may eventually require cell lysis." https://lnkd.in/eEUp2nB View in LinkedIn

PYROPTOSIS. "The inflammasome activation causes a rapid, pro-inflammatory form of cell death called pyroptosis." Another cell suicide mechanism, different from apoptosis. https://lnkd.in/eSuQQy4 View in LinkedIn

FRAGMENT FROM NATURE this weekend continues with the inflammasome. The molecular mechanisms of action of inflammasones are well known but the intersection of different mechanisms and causes of cell death are emerging as complex and sophisticated, and the associations with diseases are proving widespread. View in LinkedIn

DIETARY DNA. "Animal feeding studies have demonstrated that a minor amount of fragmented dietary DNA may resist the digestive process and there are sporadic reports in the literature claiming that orally administered small fragments of bacterial DNA or plant RNA can transgress the intestinal barrier." http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0069805 View in LinkedIn