Category: Uncategorized

PARALLEL HIV LINEAGES. ""Some pathogens exhibit striking parallel genomic changes, including multiple HIV lineages that substituted similar mutations conferring antiviral drug resistance and several strains of Escherichia coli that independently acquired similar virulence factors by horizontal transfer." http://www.pnas.org/content/103/24/9107.full View in LinkedIn

SELECTION DRIVEN. "Both parallel evolution and convergent evolution provide strong evidence that the derived similarities resulted from adaptation by natural selection, provided the state-space of possible changes is so large that it is improbable that the observed similarities arose by a purely random process." https://lnkd.in/exArCm7 View in LinkedIn

SEQUENCE CHANGES. "It has been suggested that convergent evolution is characterized by convergent or parallel amino acid substitutions at specific amino acid sites in distant organisms." https://lnkd.in/ePaKzzU View in LinkedIn

RANGE OF EFFECTS. "Common types of epigenetic regulation are DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation, histone modification, chromatin remodeling, and regulation by small and large non-coding RNAs." https://lnkd.in/ewQi_y7 View in LinkedIn

FUNCTION VS SEQUENCE. "The convergent evolution of similar traits in different species could be due to repeated changes at the genetic level or different changes that produce the same phenotypic effect...convergent changes in Hb function generally did not involve parallel substitutions, indicating that repeatability in the evolution of protein function does not require repeatability at the sequence level." (Hb = hemoglobin). https://lnkd.in/eM7WTHC View in LinkedIn

EPIGENETIC MECHANISM. "At least three systems including DNA methylation, histone modification and non-coding RNA (ncRNA)-associated gene silencing are currently considered to initiate and sustain epigenetic change. New and ongoing research is continuously uncovering the role of epigenetics in a variety of human disorders and fatal diseases." https://lnkd.in/eVaRKtt View in LinkedIn

DUAL PROCESSES. "Phenotypic convergence is thought to be driven by parallel substitutions coupled with natural selection at the sequence level." https://lnkd.in/ePaKzzU View in LinkedIn

FLEXIBLE. "Acting “above and beyond” the normally static genome, hundreds of epigenomes define the unique transcriptional programs of our cells throughout development and aging under the influence of stochastic and environmental factors." https://aje.oxfordjournals.org/content/183/2/96.full View in LinkedIn

GENETIC RATIONALE. "Although there are potentially several genomic routes to reach the same phenotypic outcome, it has been suggested that the genomic changes underlying convergent evolution may to some extent be reproducible and that convergent phenotypic traits may commonly arise from the same genetic changes." https://lnkd.in/eBMUXjN View in LinkedIn

FLEXIBLE. "Acting “above and beyond” the normally static genome, hundreds of epigenomes define the unique transcriptional programs of our cells throughout development and aging under the influence of stochastic and environmental factors." https://aje.oxfordjournals.org/content/183/2/96.full View in LinkedIn