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INDEPENDENT ANTIFREEZE MOLECULES. "Characterizations of the AFGP genes from notothenioids and the Arctic cod show that their AFGPs are both encoded by a family of polyprotein genes, with each gene encoding multiple AFGP molecules linked in tandem by small cleavable spacers. Despite these apparent similarities, detailed analyses of the AFGP gene sequences and substructures provide strong evidence that AFGPs in these two polar fishes in fact evolved independently." (AFGP = antifreeze glycoproteins). " " https://lnkd.in/ewcyhgC View in LinkedIn

ROLE OF EXOSOMES. "Exosomes play important roles in intercellular communication, including regulating immune responses following bacterial invasion, presentation of antigens for activation of T cells, and more recently, a novel mechanism of intercellular transfer of mRNA and miRNA, resulting in an additional level of regulation." https://lnkd.in/ea-rNpb View in LinkedIn

FISH ANTIFREEZE. "Antarctic notothenioid fishes and several northern cods are phylogenetically distant (in different orders and superorders), yet produce near-identical antifreeze glycoproteins (AFGPs) to survive in their respective freezing environments." https://lnkd.in/ewcyhgC View in LinkedIn

MEMBRANE VESICLES. "Exosomes are small membrane-bound extracellular vesicles (80-160 nm) released from cells, and have been implicated in many diseases, including cancer, viral infection and neurodegenerative diseases" as well as miRNA transmitted effects in gene regulation. https://lnkd.in/ea-rNpb View in LinkedIn

MOLECULAR EVOLUTION. "Our results suggest that, whereas convergent molecular evolution is relatively common, adaptive molecular convergence linked to phenotypic convergence is comparatively rare." https://lnkd.in/eBMUXjN View in LinkedIn

PRION DISEASES are caused by a mis-folded normal protein that is infectious, that acts as a template to induce other normal proteins to become mis-folded. Mad Cow disease is one example, that famously was contracted by eating infected meat of cows fed with infected cow meat. Clearly, these proteins were not destroyed in the human gut. Definitely Grey Zone entities. View in LinkedIn

PERVASIVE CONVERGENCE. "Systematic analyses of convergent sequence evolution in 805,053 amino acids within 2,326 orthologous coding gene sequences compared across 22 mammals (including four newly sequenced bat genomes) revealed signatures consistent with convergence in nearly 200 loci. This first attempt to detect genome-wide convergent sequence evolution across divergent taxa reveals the phenomenon to be much more pervasive than previously recognized." https://lnkd.in/epGtvrz View in LinkedIn

ANOTHER exogenous dietary factor implicated in a variety of diseases are prions. Like mRNAs, they are also protected by exosomes, and like mRNAs, are controversial. Like mRNAs, prions are epigenetic regulators. Like mRNAs, prions can have both positive and negative effects on health. Like mRNAs, there are also endogenous sources of prions. View in LinkedIn

miRNA AND NEURODEGENERATION. "Dysregulation of microRNA-219 promotes neurodegeneration through post-transcriptional regulation of tau." https://lnkd.in/esYAtUn View in LinkedIn

miRNA AS MARKERS. "The differential expression and responses of selected c-miRNAs in overweight/obese individuals to an exercise and diet intervention suggests a putative role for these ‘biomarkers’ in the prediction or detection of individual variability to weight loss interventions." https://lnkd.in/eSJwPqc View in LinkedIn