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MUTATOR DNA POLYMERASES. "Adaptive point mutation and amplification are induced responses to environmental stress, promoting genetic changes that can enhance survival." (E. Coli). https://lnkd.in/eJ456JB View in LinkedIn

ENDOGENOUS GENOME PROOFREADING. "Cells protect themselves from accidental genome change with proofreading and DNA damage repair systems; localized point mutations result from the action of specialized trans-lesion mutator DNA polymerases." https://lnkd.in/eNNF3BJ View in LinkedIn

SELF-EVALUATION. "The reason checkpoints are so important is that they exemplify at the molecular level the processes of self-evaluation and self-control." http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1113/jphysiol.2014.271130/full View in LinkedIn

DNA DAMAGE CHECKPOINTS. "Critical to the operation of DNA repair systems is the ability cells have to delay progress through the cell cycle until repair is complete. The physiological process of monitoring each task in the cell cycle and controlling the overall cycle so that it remains synchronized is called a ‘checkpoint’." http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1113/jphysiol.2014.271130/full View in LinkedIn

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SOPHISTICATED DNA REPAIR SYSTEMS. "Joining two duplexes with double-strand (DS) breaks at their ends is today called ‘non-homologous end joining’ (NHEJ), and cells have various biochemical systems for carrying it out. NHEJ is but one of a series of biochemical systems that have evolved to protect genomes from many kinds of physical and chemical damage. The partial list...gives an idea of how extensive and sophisticated the physiology of DNA damage repair has evolved to be." http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1113/jphysiol.2014.271130/full View in LinkedIn

DOUBLE BACKUP PROOFREADING. "In summary, exonuclease proofreading plus mismatch repair can reduce error-driven mutations by five orders of magnitude in E. coli (and presumably by a similar degree in other organisms). These two physiological processes are homeostatic and respond to molecular sensing of double helix distortions." http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1113/jphysiol.2014.271130/full View in LinkedIn

POST-REPLICATION REPAIR. "For those misincorporations that escape exonuclease proofreading, cells have a backup mismatch repair system. Mismatch repair in E. coli removes about 99% of the post-replication incorporation errors." http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1113/jphysiol.2014.271130/full View in LinkedIn

ERROR RATE. "Although the six billion base pairs in each diploid human nucleus need to be duplicated prior to each cell division, they are vulnerable to destabilizing errors during replication. However, they ultimately occur at such low rates that approximately only one spontaneous error occurs per cell division (between 1 x 10(-9) and 1 x 10(-10) errors per bp)." https://lnkd.in/e9xgjd4 View in LinkedIn

ASSUMPTIONS. "Two assumptions are generally made when considering the molecular evolution of functional proteins during the history of life on Earth. Firstly, the size of protein sequence space, i.e., the number of possible amino acid sequences, is astronomically large and, secondly, that only an infinitesimally small portion has been explored during the course of life on Earth." https://lnkd.in/eyPrQUq View in LinkedIn