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MICROBIAL IMPACT OF EARTHWORMS. "The earthworm impact on transient microbial communities and the surrounding soil microbiome is profound. A core bacterial community has been described which is distinct from the surrounding soil. A number of novel species have been associated with the earthworm crop, body wall and hindgut, contravening claims that the earthworm has limited or no impact on ingested soil bacteria." https://lnkd.in/eEdXpVE View in LinkedIn

DNA EDITING AND ENZYME DIVERSITY. "Although we have known for several decades that the unbelievable diversity of enzyme proteins is a practical tool for DNA editing processes, it was unclear by which rules or higher-order regulations they are governed." https://lnkd.in/e-pJFM6 View in LinkedIn

"THE EARTHWORM GUT has stable conditions different from surrounding environment: permanent anoxia, the pool of free amino acids, organic acids, alcohols, sugars and of hydrogen, the products of organic oligo- and polymer degradation. The gut mucosa could be used as an environment and nutrition by microorganisms, and gut-derived enzymes of earthworms could affect the microbes on the soil particles." https://lnkd.in/ekT4s-F View in LinkedIn

"THE QUESTION arises as to how and why the evolution of higher genetic complexity is connected to non-coding DNA, formerly termed ‘‘junk’’-DNA?" https://lnkd.in/e-pJFM6 View in LinkedIn

GUT HOST. "The earthworm gut microfauna exists within a discrete environment with significant changes in pH, moisture, oxygen and nutrient availability to the soil, and plays host to community profiles distinct from the soil in which they reside." https://lnkd.in/eCmCiWT View in LinkedIn

EXTRA-GENETIC INHERITANCE. "This even characterizes the rise of epigenetics, i.e., the view that phenotypic variations, which are heritable, need not be connected with genetic alterations." https://lnkd.in/e-pJFM6 View in LinkedIn

GUT SYMBIONTS. "The earthworm plays host to a number of discrete bacterial communities acquired either horizontally from the surrounding soil, as with the gut fauna, or through vertical parental transmission in the cocoon, as observed for the nephridial symbiotes." https://lnkd.in/eCmCiWT View in LinkedIn

DIVERSITY FROM SINGLE SOURCE. "Depending on the organism's state of development, the varying chromatin markers are thus capable through different methylation patterns, histone modifications and alternative splicing of creating a set of ‘‘multiple protein meanings from one and the same genetic data-set." https://lnkd.in/e-pJFM6 View in LinkedIn

ARTIFACTS. "Microorganisms in the earthworm gut and the effect of the gut environment on microbial populations were extensively studied in the past with the classical methods of microbiology. The extensive data on the cultured organisms inhabiting the earthworm-associated ecosystems one should consider with a certain salt grain due to the well-known disadvantages and biases of the plating/culturing techniques." https://lnkd.in/ekT4s-F View in LinkedIn

VIRAL INTEGRATION INTO GENOME. "After persistent non-lytic viral infection, important protein coding regions become incurred within the replicating region of the host organism, whereas repetitive sequences are integrated into the non-coding sections." https://lnkd.in/e-pJFM6 View in LinkedIn