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TEMPERATURE DIFFERENTIAL. "In most of the species studied, petal movements are due to a difference in growth rate of the two sides. In species that open in the morning and mainly respond to temperature, for example, the inner surface of the petal rapidly grows in length when the temperature is raised, whereas the outer surface does not. Cooling results in a more rapid growth of the outer surface." http://jxb.oxfordjournals.org/content/54/389/1801.full View in LinkedIn

EPIGENETICS NUANCES GENETIC SYNTAX. "The interesting thing is that the variety of parts that constitute the phenotype throughout its developmental stages as well as its regulation is coded in the genotype together with epigenetic markings. Epigenetics is an effective tool for expanding the informational content of a given nucleotide sequence syntax with multiple meanings/functions." https://lnkd.in/eg6uePF View in LinkedIn

ELECTRICAL CUES. "Flowers are negatively charged, while flying insects are positively charged. This has been suggested to facilitate pollen transfer between insects and flowers. A recent paper in Science indicates that the electric fields of flowers also might be pollinator cues. It has not been studied yet how long the electric field lasts in relation to stigma receptivity and pollen availability. It also is not yet clear when the flowers attain the electric field, thus whether and how the field is related to flower opening or closure." https://lnkd.in/eTEzGE9 View in LinkedIn

COMPLEX REPRODUCTION. "Microguarding to buffer against interactions with the opposite sex. Reproduction involves a complex series of choreographed events that must occur in the correct sequence in order for eggs to be produced, fertilised and laid/implanted." https://lnkd.in/eRcyMDJ View in LinkedIn

ENERGY INTENSIVE. "A number of proteins have been linked with pulvinar heliotropism and nyctinasty. H+- ATPase activity increases turgor by H+ efflux and consequent K+ influx, and H+-ATPase inhibitors reduce diaheliotropic response in soybean pulvinus. Blue light is a deactivator of H+-ATPase in Phaseolus vulgaris motor cells which leads to decreased turgor pressure on the illuminated region rather than an activator of H+-ATPase on the opposite region." http://www.pagepress.org/journals/index.php/pb/article/view/4887/4390 View in LinkedIn

MICROGUARDING. "We review recent research that supports the idea that an important new role for small RNAs, particularly microRNAs (miRNAs), is in protecting the genome against short-term transcriptional fluctuations, in a process we term ‘microguarding’." https://lnkd.in/eRcyMDJ View in LinkedIn

LIGHT DURATION. "Opening and closure in several other species is regulated by changes in light intensity and, in some species with nocturnal opening, by an increase in relative humidity. A minimum duration of darkness and light are usually required for opening and closure, respectively, in flowers that open during the day. Both phytochrome and a blue light receptor seem involved in light perception." http://jxb.oxfordjournals.org/content/54/389/1801.full View in LinkedIn

GENE REGULATION. "The regulation of gene expression is of fundamental importance to maintain organismal function and integrity and requires a multifaceted and highly ordered sequence of events. The cyclic nature of gene expression is known as ‘transcription dynamics’. Disruption or perturbation of these dynamics can result in significant fitness costs arising from genome instability, accelerated ageing and disease." https://lnkd.in/eRcyMDJ View in LinkedIn

IONIC GRADIENTS AND PHOTOPERIODS. "In heliotropism, upon light exposure, an asymmetric turgor gradient formed between the adaxial and abaxial motor cells leads to leaf movement. Potassium ion influx coupled with chlorine ion is powered by a proton gradient and results in osmotic influx. In addition to heliotropism, the pulvinus changes turgor for nyctinastic leaf folding, and is affected by alterations in the length of the photoperiod." https://lnkd.in/e9s_fPH View in LinkedIn

NON-MUTATION EVOLUTION. "With this chromosomal methylation, organisms are able to handle multiple protein meanings of the same genetic dataset. As shown through some authors of epigenetics these...functions are influenced and altered through environmental and other reasons which are (reversibly) hereditable but do not involve or depend on mutations of the DNA itself." https://lnkd.in/eDswHmC View in LinkedIn