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GENETIC HYBRIDS. "Eukaryotic cells are the result of the merging of several different ancestral genomes. Endosymbiotic concepts demonstrate convincingly that most of the DNA found in the cytoplasm of protoctists, animals, fungi, and plants come from genes of bacteria that became organelles, not from mutations." https://lnkd.in/bpZMBAH View in LinkedIn

DAMAGE REDUCTION. "All these changes are meant to balance the partitioning of energy at the photosystem level between photochemical and non-photochemical processes, so the excitation pressure at the photosystem II and damage to reaction centres can be reduced." https://lnkd.in/eYuQ_dT View in LinkedIn

THERMAL DISSIPATION. "Evergreen leaves also alter the energy partitioning at the photosystem level modifying the contribution of dynamic and sustainable thermal dissipation processes that are strongly regulated by light and temperature." View in LinkedIn

RESTRUCTURING OPTIONS. "Some of the changes concern restructuring and changes in size of photon-capturing antennae, and some are related to modifications in the quantity of chlorophylls, non-photosynthetic pigments, photosystem II light harvesting complexes and reaction centres." https://lnkd.in/eYuQ_dT View in LinkedIn

DRASTIC ANNUAL RESTRUCTURING. "Thus, leaves of evergreen plants need to cope with the variation in environmental conditions, typical for the northern and alpine regions. In order to ensure the integrity of the photosynthetic apparatus, Scots pine needles undergo drastic seasonal structural and molecular changes at the photosystem level." https://lnkd.in/eYuQ_dT View in LinkedIn

ENDURING PINE NEEDLES. "Unlike deciduous plants, overwintering ever-green plants do not shed their leaves annually but retain them for several years. For example, in Scots pine from boreal and sub-boreal regions...eight-year-old needles can be found." View in LinkedIn

ENERGY DISSIPATION. "In order to maintain the photosynthetic energy balance, leaves have mechanisms to modulate the absorption of radiation and the capacity to harmlessly dissipate the energy absorbed in excess. In the short term, many plants species change the orientation of leaves and reposition chloroplasts inside the cells to minimize harmful quantities of light." https://lnkd.in/eYuQ_dT View in LinkedIn

PHOTON EXCESS. "At subfreezing temperatures, net photosynthesis in white pine approaches zero, and photodynamic damage to the chloroplast can occur if energy from absorbed photons is not dissipated." https://lnkd.in/eqkRiKP View in LinkedIn

SUPER-STABILIZERS. "Stabilization of membranes, and protection of proteins from damage caused by moisture loss, is considered to be the key function of DHNs. DHNs also possess a cryoprotective activity and the capability to scavenge metal ions and reactive-oxygen species (ROS)." (DHNs = Dehydrins). https://lnkd.in/etsa67h View in LinkedIn

BIG SWITCH. "Within the last decade, increasing knowledge about the abundance of non-coding RNAs that play important roles in genetic- and epigenetic-regulation processes, has placed the dominant interest in the genetic storage medium DNA. Now RNA is in the driver's seat." http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/nyas.12570/abstract View in LinkedIn