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PHYSICAL BARRIER TO LIGHT. "Epicuticular waxes influences leaf reflectance. We analysed the seasonal changes in wax reflectance of Scots pine needles. It tended to decrease with needle age and towards lower positions within the canopy. In addition, we also identified clear seasonal pattern of variation superimposed on the of above-mentioned wax weathering effect." https://lnkd.in/eYuQ_dT View in LinkedIn

CHLOROPLAST REDUCTIONS. "Membrane systems of chloroplasts featuring single thylakoids (stromal lamellae) and only small grana stacks have been proposed to serve to limit the quantity of solar radiation reaching photosynthetic pigment-protein complexes and to provide adaptation to high level of insolation...in plants of Pamir growing under high light conditions and low temperatures, chloroplasts contain mainly single thylakoids and small grana consisting of 2–4 thylakoids." https://lnkd.in/etsa67h View in LinkedIn

CHLOROPLAST FLEXIBILITY. "The plants of the Pamir and Arctic regions demonstrate a reduction in size and quantity of chloroplasts in response to low temperatures and high level of solar radiation. The high flexibility of chloroplast membrane structure plays an important role in resistance and functional activity of the photosynthesis apparatus." https://lnkd.in/etsa67h View in LinkedIn

NEEDLE CHLOROPLAST CHANGES. "The fastest and most substantial changes in needle cells take place in the chloroplasts. In mild climatic zones, the most substantial rearrangements in structural organization of chloroplast membranes are observed during the transition to the autumn/winter period and are presumably associated with protection from damage and with the beginning of the dormant stage." https://lnkd.in/etsa67h View in LinkedIn

STRUCTURAL REMODELING. "The ultrastructure of mesophyll cells of Pinus silvestris L. is known to vary depending on the conditions of the physical environment (e.g., temperature, light level). Changes in cell ultrastructure of P. silvestris L. needles cell under natural conditions involve all organelles and take place either in response to spontaneously occurring extreme weather events or to regular seasonal changes (in spring and in autumn)." https://lnkd.in/etsa67h View in LinkedIn

CONIFEROUS EVERGREEN TREES mostly have needle-shaped leaves and bear cones. Forests today occupy about a third of the world's land area (19.2 million square miles), and contain 70% of the carbon present in living creatures. Boreal forests or taiga (composed of evergreens) represent one of the largest terrestial biomes, and represent about a third of all forests on this planet. https://lnkd.in/eet7Zbm View in LinkedIn

FRAGMENT FROM NATURE continues for the second weekend on the metabolic adaptations of pines to extreme climates. The seasonal changes in the metabolism of these trees, triggered by gene activation and suppression, is complex and effective in preparing the trees for resource derivation and excess. Enjoy these majestic creatures. View in LinkedIn

REGULATE ALL ASPECTS. "Most of these noncoding RNAs are alternatively spliced and divided into smaller RNAs that are integral parts of ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes. They regulate nearly all aspects of gene regulation. Small RNA species include micro-RNAs, small interfering RNAs, small nuclear RNAs, and small nucleolar and transfer RNAs." https://lnkd.in/euyhznh View in LinkedIn

"THE DOUBLE FUNCTION of genotype and phenotype is unique in biology, where we can find most organisms divided into genetic coding and protein-based bodies within their real lifeworld interactions." https://lnkd.in/eg6uePF View in LinkedIn

UK government to ban microbeads from cosmetics by end of 2017 View in LinkedIn