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THIRD WHORL. "Levels of an important group of metabolites, mainly involved in C1 and redox metabolism, seem to decrease with increases in needle age, most clearly in the oldest, third whorl." http://jxb.oxfordjournals.org/content/66/11/3113.full View in LinkedIn

WHORL-SPECIFIC. "The metabolite profiles of the needles mainly changed with developmental stage, and thus the whorl in which they were located, from the youngest to the oldest. However, the accumulation pattern of sucrose and some other metabolites seems also to be affected by the environmental conditions. Therefore, developmental time appears to be a long-term variable that strongly influences metabolite levels, suggesting that metabolic processes are similar in all whorls." http://jxb.oxfordjournals.org/content/66/11/3113.full View in LinkedIn

PINE AGE VS ENVIRONMENT. "Major components of their metabolite profiles were strongly affected by inherent acclimation to winter (notably sucrose and pinitol) and needle age (e.g. betaine and methionine). In contrast, gene expression profiles were mainly dependent on environmental variables (notably the expression of genes involved in photosynthesis and winter acclimation being positively and negatively correlated with temperature, respectively)." https://lnkd.in/evt9GfD View in LinkedIn

BROAD ROLES. "Increasing knowledge about the abundance of different but compatible RNAs, most if not all of them in coacting processes via cooperation and suppression as well as amplification." https://lnkd.in/eUYvi8e View in LinkedIn

PINE NEEDLES' "photosynthetic capacity increases as they mature, peaks when they are fully expanded, then gradually declines until senescence, typically several years later. Senescence is a tightly controlled process in which various nutrients may be mobilized; for example, Rubisco and other soluble proteins in older leaves may be used as nitrogen stores during the development of new needles in the spring." http://jxb.oxfordjournals.org/content/66/11/3113.full View in LinkedIn

"DNA CENTRISM, which investigates DNA as the dominant genetic information storage medium, might be wrong because the older RNAs are the dominant interactors as soon as transcription starts." https://lnkd.in/eUYvi8e View in LinkedIn

METABOLIC SWITCH. "Clearly, when photosynthesis is reduced cell energy requirements must be met through metabolic pathways such as glycolysis or oxidative phosphorylation. Accordingly, photosynthetic rates and capacities of adult needles are temperature- and/or photoperiod-dependent, peaking in the summer." http://jxb.oxfordjournals.org/content/66/11/3113.full View in LinkedIn

BIDIRECTIONAL INFORMATION. "In former times it was thought that the information transfer was a one-way road from genotype to phenotype but with epigenetics and RNA biology it became obvious that the reverse direction of information flow plays a crucial role in evolution, development and adaptational flexibility." https://lnkd.in/eg6uePF View in LinkedIn

METABOLITES VS TRANSCRIPT PROFILES. "Seasonal changes in the metabolite profiles were mainly affected by the needles’ age and acclimation for winter, but changes in transcript profiles were mainly dependent on climatic factors. The relative abundance of most transcripts correlated well with temperature, particularly for genes involved in photosynthesis or winter acclimation. Our results suggest that the environment regulates the transcriptome for fine tuning of the metabolome during development." https://lnkd.in/evt9GfD View in LinkedIn

"THE DOUBLE FUNCTION of genotype and phenotype is unique in biology, where we can find most organisms divided into genetic coding and protein-based bodies within their real lifeworld interactions." https://lnkd.in/eg6uePF View in LinkedIn