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SEX GENES. "In this study, we found that genes specifically expressed in stamen in plants (i.e., stamen, anthers, or pollen) are relatively rapidly evolving, consistent with the discovery in animals that testis-specific genes tend to evolve at the fastest rate in the genome." https://lnkd.in/e7nzq_s View in LinkedIn

SEXUAL SELECTION. "In animals, the rapid evolution of sexual organs (i.e., testis) as well as the genes involved in sexual reproduction is linked to sex-related positive selection (sexual selection), such as sperm competition. In plants, although sexual selection, such as pollen competition, may also exist, whether it is the dominant force that drives the accelerated evolution of stamen-specific genes is as yet unresolved." https://lnkd.in/e7nzq_s View in LinkedIn

REPRODUCTIVE GENES. Angiosperm "genes specifically expressed in reproductive organs (i.e., stamen) evolve more quickly than those specifically expressed in vegetative organs (e.g., root). The different rates in organ evolution may be due to different degrees of functional constraint associated with the different physiological functions of plant organs." https://lnkd.in/e7nzq_s View in LinkedIn

PROMISCUOUS INCORPORATION. "Angiosperm mtDNAs incorporate foreign sequences remarkably often, from chloroplast and nuclear genomes of the same plant via intracellular gene transfer, and from other plants via horizontal gene transfer." http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/nph.13188/full View in LinkedIn

THE CARPEL. "We argue that the carpel was a key evolutionary innovation reducing accessory costs in angiosperms by allowing sporophytic control of pre- and postzygotic mate selection and timing of resource allocation. The resulting reduction in costs of aborting unfertilized ovules or genetically inferior embryos would have lowered total reproductive costs enabling early angiosperms to evolve small seed sizes and short generation times." http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01425.x/full View in LinkedIn

MITOCHONDRIAL GENE RECOMBINATION. "On an organismal timescale, this leads to genomes consisting of a plethora of subgenomic and multimeric structures whereas on an evolutionary timescale, it results in a highly scrambled gene order between closely related species and sometimes even within a species." http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/nph.13188/full View in LinkedIn

SEED COSTS. "Costs of abortions and packaging structures were significantly higher in gymnosperms. Also, the relationship between seed:ovule ratio and seed size was negative in angiosperms but positive in gymnosperms." http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01425.x/full View in LinkedIn

MITOCHONDRIAL GENES. "A hallmark of angiosperm mitochondrial DNAs (mtDNAs) is their high rate of recombination and rearrangement, which is reflected in a number of unusual properties. Most angiosperm mtDNAs exhibit extraordinarily high rates of reciprocal, intra- and intermolecular recombination between large direct and inverted repeats, along with less frequent recombination across smaller repeats." https://lnkd.in/e6WHsRJ View in LinkedIn

SCALING. "It has been proposed that changes to reproductive features at the base of the angiosperm clade reduced accessory costs thus removing the fitness disadvantage of small seeds. Total accessory costs scaled isometrically to seed mass for angiosperms but less than isometrically for gymnosperms, so that smaller seeds were proportionally more expensive for gymnosperms to produce." http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01425.x/full View in LinkedIn

TRANSPOSONS. "In angiosperms the repeat types (i.e. (retro)transposable elements, (micro)satellite DNA, and truncated derivatives) can be fast evolving in absolute copy numbers and sequence, such that in species from many plant families there are reports of repeat element half-lives of 3–4 million years near complete repeat turnover in the genome over timeframes of 5–10 million years, and repeat copy numbers changing GS two or three fold over just a few million years." (GS = genome size). http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959437X15001057 View in LinkedIn