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FIGURE 12-14 show a lovely sequential evolution of tarsus foot bones. Beautiful depiction of a gnarly and complex structure as they were adapted for the human foot from pre-existing species. https://lnkd.in/eSbfe-f View in LinkedIn

CONTINGENT IRREVERSIBILITY. "If an entity has replicated as part of a larger whole for a long time, it may have lost the capacity for independent replication that it once had, for accidental reasons that have little to do with the selective forces that led to the evolution of the higher-level entity in the first place." https://lnkd.in/eZ5-m7K View in LinkedIn

SUBTLE BUT DRASTIC. "The subtalar joint complex of man is quite clearly derived from the basic primate pattern, and in particular its unique structural attributes seem to have resulted from the accentuation of trends already incipient in Pan and Gorilla. Quite subtle and easily overlooked morphological changes have drastically modified the function." https://lnkd.in/eSbfe-f View in LinkedIn

HIGHER LEVELS. "In several of the listed transitions, one is effectively dealing with a group of replicators: when does such a group qualify as an organism, or -- viewed from the level if the component replicators --- a 'superorganism'?" https://lnkd.in/eZ5-m7K View in LinkedIn

GRAFTED ON. "The chimpanzee shows certain derived features which are with little doubt grafted onto the morphology typical of the higher primates." https://lnkd.in/eSbfe-f View in LinkedIn

INTRAGENOMIC CONFLICT. "The problem is not an imaginary one: there is a real danger that selection at the lower level will disrupt integration at the higher." https://lnkd.in/eZ5-m7K View in LinkedIn

STRATA DISRUPTION. "Why did not natural selection, acting on entities at the lower level (replicating molecules, free-living prokaryotes, asexual protists, single cells, individual organisms) not disrupt integration at the higher level (chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, sexual species, multicellular organisms, societies)?" https://lnkd.in/eZ5-m7K View in LinkedIn

THE DIVISION OF LABOUR EXAMPLES. "The evolution of many specific enzymes from a set of multifunctional, low-efficiency enzymes. If the first protocells were equipped with a few multifunctional enzymes, more efficient enzymes could evolve only by duplication and divergence." https://lnkd.in/eZ5-m7K View in LinkedIn

THE DIVISION OF LABOUR EXAMPLES. "In Pleodorina, there is a partial division of labour: some cells start with vegetative functions, but later differentiate into gonidia (asexual propagules)." https://lnkd.in/eZ5-m7K View in LinkedIn

THE DIVISION OF LABOUR EXAMPLES. "The specific name, Volvox weissmania is a reminder that these algae are an excellent example of the segregation of the germ line and soma. Most members of the order possess only a single cell type, which fulfills all vegetative and reproductive functions." https://lnkd.in/eZ5-m7K View in LinkedIn