Month: September 2022

CONVERSION OF GENOTYPE TO PHENOTYPE. "As explained by François Jacob (1982), “It is during embryonic development that the instructions contained in the genetic program of an organism are expressed, that the genotype is converted into phenotype. It is mainly the requirements of embryonic development that, among all possible changes in phenotype, screen the actual phenotypes” https://lnkd.in/dwgyrT4 View in LinkedIn

PHENOTYPE. "The concept of phenotype, which corresponds to the observable attributes of an individual, was coined in opposition to the genotype, the inherited material transmitted by gametes." https://lnkd.in/d3vzXnd View in LinkedIn

KEY ANCHOR. "Phenotypes, i.e., observable traits above the molecular level, such as anatomy and behavior, underlie, and indeed drive, much of the research in the life sciences. For example, they remain the primary data we use to define most species and to understand their phylogenetic history. Phenotype data are also used to recognize, define, and diagnose pathological conditions in plants, animals, and other organisms. As such, these data represent much of what we know of life and are, in fact, necessary for building a comprehensive tree of life." https://lnkd.in/dt3RBQi View in LinkedIn

RANGE OF CONTACT-POINTS. "Our observations of organismal phenotypes also inspire science aimed at understanding their development, functions, evolution, and interactions with the environment." https://lnkd.in/dt3RBQi View in LinkedIn

THE RUB. "Evolution is generally modeled as the conversion of genetic variation between individuals into genetic variation between populations. This situation is complicated, however, by the fact that natural selection acts on variation among phenotypes rather than genotypes." https://lnkd.in/duMqB2A View in LinkedIn

INFORMATION GATEWAY. "The translation of genetic differences into phenotypic differences is central to biology." https://lnkd.in/duMqB2A View in LinkedIn

NOT SIMPLE. "The relationship between the phenotypic variation affecting fitness and the genotypic variation producing it is complex." https://lnkd.in/duMqB2A View in LinkedIn

DIPLOID WINDOW. "Widespread and abundant variation is maintained in a selectively neutral form within the genetic architectures of eukaryotes, particularly those with an extended diploid phase of the life cycle." https://lnkd.in/duMqB2A View in LinkedIn

HAPLOID-DIPLOID DIVIDE. "Sexual eukaryotic organisms are characterized by an alternation between haploid and diploid phases. In vascular plants and animals, somatic growth and development occur primarily in the diploid phase, with the haploid phase reduced to the gametic cells. In many other eukaryotes, however, growth and development occur in both phases, with substantial variability among organisms in the length of each phase of the life cycle." https://lnkd.in/d_wyEN8 View in LinkedIn

ALTERNATION OF GENERATIONS. "In 1851, Hofmeister recognized that plants alternate be- tween two distinct phases, yet it was not until 1894 that Strasburger proposed that this ‘‘alternation of generations’’ represented an alternation between haploid and diploid phases. Such an alternation of generations is a necessary consequence of sexual reproduction, since a haploid phase must follow meiosis and a diploid phase must follow gamete fusion, but the lengths of these two phases vary widely among organisms." An important article. https://lnkd.in/d_wyEN8 View in LinkedIn