Month: September 2022

HIGH TURNOVER. "Estimates of transcription factor binding site (TFBS) turnover rates rank as high as 32-40% between human and rodent species." https://genomebiology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/gb-2007-8-10-r225 View in LinkedIn

INDIRECT GENE SELECTION. "In the process of evolution, selection may act directly on regulatory functions but only indirectly on gene sequences, which is supported by the experimental observations that some orthologous genes with highly conserved expression patterns have substantial divergence in their promoter sequence. That means that functional conservation does not necessitate conservation on the sequence level." https://genomebiology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/gb-2007-8-10-r225 View in LinkedIn

ENHANCER REGIONS. "Most mammalian genes are controlled by collections of enhancer regions, often located tens to hundreds of kilobases away from transcription start sites." https://lnkd.in/dnC2aVU View in LinkedIn

DIFFERENTIAL EVOLUTION RATES. "Rapid enhancer and slow promoter evolution across genomes of 20 mammalian species. Enhancers are rarely conserved across these mammals. Recently evolved enhancers dominate mammalian regulatory landscapes." https://lnkd.in/dnC2aVU View in LinkedIn

ENHANCER IMPACT. "Both conserved and recently evolved enhancer sequences have been shown to have important phenotypic consequences. Highly conserved enhancer sequences can regulate fundamental processes, such as embryonic development." https://lnkd.in/dnC2aVU View in LinkedIn

ENHANCER YOUTH. "Perhaps our most surprising finding is that representative mammals typically deploy over 10,000 enhancers in a lineage- and probably most often species-specific manner. In total, almost half of all enhancers in each species appear to be recently evolved." https://lnkd.in/dnC2aVU View in LinkedIn

RELATIVE STABILITY. "Recently Evolved Promoters, Though Less Common Than Enhancers, Are Mostly Found in Young DNA. Promoters are far more evolutionarily stable than are enhancers. Nevertheless, the absolute number of promoters deeply conserved across all 20 study species is similar to the number of recently evolved promoters in any one species." https://lnkd.in/dnC2aVU View in LinkedIn

NOT JUNK DNA. "The majority of the human genome consists of non-coding regions that have been called junk DNA. However, recent studies have unveiled that these regions contain cis-regulatory elements, such as promoters, enhancers, silencers, insulators, etc. These regulatory elements can play crucial roles in controlling gene expressions in specific cell types, conditions, and developmental stages. Disruption to these regions could contribute to phenotype changes." https://lnkd.in/dpPBtPH View in LinkedIn

DOMINANT LIFESTYLE ON EARTH. "We have heard much about non-coding RNAs, mobile genetic elements, repeat sequences, and introns— all of them formerly being termed ‘‘junk,’’ but now we can imagine these as remnants of persistent viral infection events. Thus, the persistent viral lifestyle is the most dominant biological lifestyle on this planet." https://lnkd.in/eWydwab View in LinkedIn

"TRANSCRIPTION REGULATION is a central component in the control of gene expression. Identification of functional cis-elements in promoter regions, a key to understanding gene regulation, has turned out to be a difficult task thus far." https://genomebiology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/gb-2007-8-10-r225 View in LinkedIn