linkedin post 2017-06-23 03:46:04

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“MUTATORS are class II DNA transposable elements (TEs) and have propagated widely across both prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomes through a “cut-and-paste” mechanism. The Mutator system was first reported in maize and was later found in other plants, bacteria, fungi and protozoans. Mutator-like transposable elements (MULEs) are especially pervasive in higher plant genomes such as rice (Oryza sativa), in which more than 10,000 copies have been identified.” https://lnkd.in/dPzCkty View in LinkedIn
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linkedin post 2017-06-23 03:51:03

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“NEW GENES can be created through various mechanisms, such as whole-genome duplication, small-scale duplication, illegitimate recombination, horizontal gene transfer, gene fusion, de novo origination from non-coding DNA sequence, RNA mediated retrotransposition, and dispersion/origination through TEs.” (TE = transposable elements). https://lnkd.in/dPzCkty View in LinkedIn
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linkedin post 2017-06-23 03:55:58

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BIRTH OF NEW GENES. “It has been demonstrated that non-autonomous MULEs can capture ectopic genomic sequences, such as gene fragments, and transpose them into new genomic locations, thereby forming putative new gene structures.” (MULEs = Mutator-like transposable elements). http://genomebiology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13059-016-0954-8 View in LinkedIn
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linkedin post 2017-06-23 04:00:11

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REMARKABLE ROLE. “Due to the high abundance of MULEs and their remarkable functional roles in genome evolution, it is imperative to elucidate the origination, evolutionary processes, and regulatory mechanisms of MULE-derived genes in plant genomes.” (MULEs = Mutator-like transposable elements). http://genomebiology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13059-016-0954-8 View in LinkedIn
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linkedin post 2017-06-23 04:03:14

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GENE FOUNTAIN. “We identified thousands of potentially functional putative genes that arose rapidly and evolved from non-autonomous MULE sequences in Oryza.” (MULEs = Mutator-like transposable elements; Oryza = a type of crop plant). http://genomebiology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13059-016-0954-8 View in LinkedIn
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linkedin post 2017-06-24 04:49:22

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FRAGMENT FROM NATURE contemplates the phenomenal rates of infectious viral evolution. The combination of extraordinary mutation rates and lightening quick reproduction rates, viruses can outrun their host defenses quickly. Studies of influenza and AIDS suggest that early infections can be boom-and-bust, but as the epidemic progresses, it naturally slows due to limited host availability and selective pressures. Meet some of the most successful creatures on planet earth. View in LinkedIn
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linkedin post 2017-06-24 04:54:29

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"VIRUSES are transmissible deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or ribonucleic acid (RNA) genetic elements that require a cell for multiplication. Viruses are extremely diverse and ubiquitous in nature. They evolve in continuous interaction with their host cells and organisms, following the general Darwinian principles: genetic variation, competition among variant forms and selection of the most fit variants in a given environment. Viruses probably had an ancient origin and have survived as agents of gene transfer and promoters of cell variation." https://lnkd.in/dStPB6v View in LinkedIn
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linkedin post 2017-06-24 04:59:35

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ERROR RATE DRIVES DIVERSITY. "Evolution of RNA viruses and some DNA viruses can be extremely rapid, fuelled by limited template-copying fidelity of the replicating polymerases." http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9780470015902.a0000436.pub3/abstract?userIsAuthenticated=false&deniedAccessCustomisedMessage= View in LinkedIn
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linkedin post 2017-06-24 05:01:41

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MUTANT VIRAL CLOUDS. "They form extremely complex mutant clouds termed viral quasispecies, which can acquire features not explainable from the individuals that compose the ensemble." http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9780470015902.a0000436.pub3/abstract?userIsAuthenticated=false&deniedAccessCustomisedMessage= View in LinkedIn
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linkedin post 2017-06-24 05:03:41

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VIRAL QUASISPECIES. “The quasispecies concept originated in a theoretical formulation of molecular evolution that emphasized error-prone replication of simple RNA or RNA-like replicons as an essential feature of self-organization and adaptability of primitive life forms.” https://lnkd.in/dC3CR5F View in LinkedIn
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