Month: September 2022

PLANT COMPLEX LIFESTYLES. "Complex life styles and alternation of generations are characteristic of many plants, a diploid sporophyte alternating with a haploid gametophyte." http://www.jstor.org/stable/2398799?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents View in LinkedIn

PARASITIC COMPLEX LIFESTYLES. "Parasitic helminths comprise an astounding diversity of life cycles, using up to four hosts and a diverse array of transmission modes. A widespread and large group of parasites with a complex life cycle are digenean trematodes. The wide majority of trematodes use three hosts." https://lnkd.in/d7s-kUM View in LinkedIn

ADDITIONAL COMPLEXITY. "Many parasite species, however, in addition have asexual multiplication in the first intermediate host and free-living stages actively penetrating the second intermediate host (most digenean trematodes, comprising several thousand species). This alternation between asexual and sexual reproduction may have important consequences for shaping the life cycle." http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2005.00895.x/full View in LinkedIn

TRUNCATED COMPLEXITY. "Complex life cycles are a hallmark of parasitic trematodes. In several trematode taxa, however, the life cycle is truncated: fewer hosts are used than in a typical three-host cycle, with fewer transmission events. Eliminating one host from the life cycle can be achieved in at least three different ways. Some trematodes show even more extreme forms of life cycle abbreviations, using only a mollusc to complete their cycle, with or without sexual reproduction." https://lnkd.in/dBG63dR View in LinkedIn

REDUCED COMPLEXITY. "In several independent trematode families, individual species reduced their life cycle to two or even only one host. As several independent reduction events occurred, strong selective forces seem to drive the evolution of reduced life cycles." http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2005.00895.x/full View in LinkedIn

ABRUPT CHANGE. "I here apply the term complex life cycle to a life history that includes an abrupt ontogenic change in an individual's morphology, physiology, and behavior, usually associated with a change in habitat. The changes that accompany metamorphosis are often sufficiently radical for an ecologist to declare that the species sequentially occupies two niches." https://lnkd.in/du7CT4T View in LinkedIn

IRREVERSIBLE EXPLOITATION. "Complex life styles are often adaptations that exploit transient opportunities for growth or dispersal. Metamorphosis is the process whereby the organism irreversibly switches its adaptations from one of these functions to the other. Reproduction can occur in either the growth or the dispersal stage." http://www.jstor.org/stable/2096903?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents View in LinkedIn

DECOUPLING OF PROCESSES. "One explanation for the abundance and long-term persistence of complex life cycles is that they represent adaptive mechanisms for decoupling the developmental processes that underlie morphological traits of alternative phases, thereby allowing phases to respond independently to different selective forces." http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2307/2937184/full View in LinkedIn

FREEDOM FROM CONSTRAINTS. "Another explanation is that complex life cycles persist due to developmental constraints acting on particular phases; in particular, larvae may represent the conservation of traits of early development while adult traits evolve more freely in response to selection." http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2307/2937184/full View in LinkedIn

ADAPTIVE DECOUPLING. "A role of adaptive decoupling is generally supported by comparative data on the relative extent of morphological evolution of larvae and adults and on the frequency of elimination of phases from complex life cycles." http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2307/2937184/full View in LinkedIn