Month: September 2022

ANIMAL IMMUNITY. "All multicellular eukaryotes are susceptible to pathogens. Animal hosts have developed cell-autonomous innate immunity, and chordates have additionally evolved an adaptive immune system to defend against pathogen invasion." https://lnkd.in/eeDUeRY View in LinkedIn

"PLANT IMMUNITY is entirely innate, and relies on the ability of individual cells to activate defense upon pathogen detection by either cell surface or cytoplasmic immune receptors." https://lnkd.in/eeDUeRY View in LinkedIn

NF-KAPPA-B is a critical molecular pathway crossroads in higher animals, including man. It is the activation point for inflammation, generally believed today to be at the root of an increasing list of diseases. https://lnkd.in/eg7_S4w View in LinkedIn

NF-KAPPA-B. Guess what? Plants also possess NFkB which like us, is activated by the toll pathway of the innate immune system, causing inflammation in the humans, but not plants. https://lnkd.in/eg7_S4w View in LinkedIn

PLANT CELL WALL IMMUNITY. "The frontline of plant defense systems consists of physical and chemical barriers such as the cell wall, waxes, hairs, antimicrobial enzymes, and secondary metabolites. If these obstacles are overcome, the pathogen is still confronted by elaborate surveillance systems in which molecular sentinels operate to activate resistance responses." https://lnkd.in/eRGXkHd View in LinkedIn

PATHOGEN DETECTION. "For plants, detection of microbial fingerprints, also referred to as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) is a warning of impeding attack. Consequently, a key aspect of plant innate immunity is the ability to recognize PAMPs, such as bacterial flagellin, lipopolysaccharides, peptidoglycans, and fungal chitin." https://lnkd.in/eRGXkHd View in LinkedIn

PATTERN RECOGNITION RECEPTORS. "Activation of PRRs leads to a whole range of immune responses, including an increase in cytosolic Ca2+, the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), activation of a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade and transcriptional changes." All these molecular events are toxic to plant pathogens. https://lnkd.in/eWZ-igq View in LinkedIn

DAMAGE TO SELF. "In addition to detecting PAMPs, the ability to sense a compromised "self" by detecting damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) such as released plant cell wall fragments is a central part of plant defense." https://lnkd.in/eRGXkHd View in LinkedIn

DAMAGE TO SELF. "Both PAMP- and DAMP-recognition activates PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI) which in general prevents microbial colonization." Microbes try and hijack these defenses by modulating PTI pathways. https://lnkd.in/eRGXkHd View in LinkedIn

COUNTER-ATTACK. "Microbial pathogens of eukaryotes use similar strategies to infect animals, invertebrates and plants. In order to colonize their host, microbes have developed sophisticated protein secretion systems for the delivery of virulence effector proteins into the host cell cytoplasm. The effector proteins modulate host immune responses and promote pathogenesis." https://lnkd.in/eeDUeRY View in LinkedIn