Month: September 2022

GENERATING NEW INFORMATION. "The mutation rate of HIV...could evolve a 4 bit site in 100 generations, ~9 months, but it could be much faster because the enormous titer [10(10) new virions/day/person] provides a larger pool for successful changes." https://lnkd.in/eqY6kcy View in LinkedIn

PROTEIN EXPRESSION. "Some ERVs are replication competent, but many are replication defective. And yet even such defective ERVs can express proteins. Human ERVs from over 30 lineages constitute perhaps 8%–9% of the human genome." http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0092867409007831 View in LinkedIn

PROLIFERATION. "ERVs are transcribed in a variety of normal and diseased tissues, and they can proliferate within the genome over evolutionary time either by production of viruses that reinfect the genome or by retrotransposition." http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0092867409007831 View in LinkedIn

SLEEPERS. "These new data suggest that we should consider that many or all humans are genetically “immunocompromised” to a greater or lesser extent for specific infections, including infection by viruses that constitute our virome. Thus, a virus present in all of us may cause disease only in those unfortunate enough to have a specific constellation of genes." http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0092867409007831 View in LinkedIn

NEW VIRUSES. "Further viral diseases may be awaiting either the identification of new viruses or the assessment of relationships between individual human genes, the virome, and specific diseases. Thus, the existence of a viral contribution to our metagenome may exact a large price in those of us with specific genetic predispositions to disease." http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0092867409007831 View in LinkedIn

VIRAL CONTRIBUTION. "The bottom line is that many major diseases that have been associated with inflammation—including cardiovascular disease, neurodegeneration, allergic diseases, cancer, and autoimmunity—occur in persons that are chronically infected by viruses." http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0092867409007831 View in LinkedIn

LIMITED HARM. "Given that chronic virus infections may be harmful in only a limited number of genetically predisposed persons or may even be symbiotic, the costs versus benefits of eliminating chronic viruses must be carefully considered." http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0092867409007831 View in LinkedIn

IMMUNE GUIDES. "We argue that infections that are generally considered harmless or unimportant play a role in shaping the normal immune response, at the cost of inducing disease in rare individuals with highly specific alterations in immune system genes." http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0092867409007831 View in LinkedIn

PERSONALIZED VIOME. "The era of personalized vaccination and immunotherapy may be before us, but there is much to learn about viral immunity. Future studies need to specifically focus on defining the mechanistic details of the disease and immunologic imprint of responses to our virome, so that we can distinguish friend from foe and intervene appropriately." http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0092867409007831 View in LinkedIn

TRANSPOSONS. "Transposable elements (TEs), also known as "jumping genes," are DNA sequences that move from one location on the genome to another. These elements were first identified more than 50 years ago by geneticist Barbara McClintock of Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory in New York. Biologists were initially skeptical of McClintock's discovery." https://lnkd.in/GEpmJN View in LinkedIn