Year: 2022

THIRD BOTHERSOME USSUE. "Why have not prokaryotes evolved complex multicellularity? Their analysis points out crucial differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes in the availability of energy and the role of energetic differences in the capacity for gene expression." https://lnkd.in/dNEtvR8 View in LinkedIn

BIG EFFICIENT TOOLKIT. "By their view, the mitochondrial endosymbiosis coupled with the accumulation of mitochondrial genes in the nuclear genome allowed tight regulation of respiration at relatively low cost in terms of genome size. This genetic and bioenergetic complexity allows eukaryotes to then easily evolve complex multicellularity." https://lnkd.in/dNEtvR8 View in LinkedIn

MANY EUKARYOTIC MULTICELLULARITY EVENTS. "The data suggest that eukaryotes are monophyletic. Equally uncontroversial is the evidence that many eukaryotic lineages have independently evolved some form of multicellularity. To reflect the ease of this transition, Grosberg & Strathmann characterize multicellularity as a ‘minor major transition’." https://lnkd.in/dNEtvR8 View in LinkedIn

Screen-based lifestyles in children. https://www.theguardian.com/society/2016/dec/25/experts-call-for-official-guidelines-on-child-screen-use?CMP=Share_iOSApp_Other View in LinkedIn

BIGGER IS MORE FIT. "The origins of both eukaryotes and multicellularity may have been driven by the advantages of larger size (efficient dispersal, exploitation of more or different food sources, producing more offspring, escaping predators, avoidance of the constraints of low Reynolds numbers)." https://lnkd.in/dNEtvR8 View in LinkedIn

SURFACE-VOLUME SOLUTIONS. "Both transitions were initiated by clever engineering solutions to surface-to-volume constraints. In the case of eukaryotes, energy-converting membranes were moved internally. In the case of multicellularity, other surface- and size-dependent processes were facilitated." https://lnkd.in/dNEtvR8 View in LinkedIn

UNITS OF SELECTION. "The origins of both eukaryotes and multicellularity bolster the conceptualization of the history of life as repeated transitions between levels or units of selection. In the former, bacterial cells formed the collective; in the latter, eukaryotic cells formed the collective." https://lnkd.in/dNEtvR8 View in LinkedIn

COMPETITION AND COOPERATION. "Cooperation among lower-level units leads to nascent higher-level units. Conflicts among lower-level units can then undermine these emerging units. If conflicts can be mediated, however, then fully formed higher-level units can emerge. These new units can outcompete individual lower-level units and proliferate." https://lnkd.in/dNEtvR8 View in LinkedIn

ITERATIVE PROCESS. "Subsequently, if conflicts can again be mediated, these higher-level units themselves can band together to form even higher-level units. The history of life can thus be viewed as a repetition of stages of cooperation leading to conflict, and conflict mediation leading to emergence. This process underlies many transitions in evolution, and these transitions are thus in some sense equivalent." https://lnkd.in/dNEtvR8 View in LinkedIn

AH, THOSE FUSSY DETAILS. "Biological details can complicate these theoretical generalities." https://lnkd.in/dNEtvR8 View in LinkedIn