Year: 2022

PLASMID HALLMARKS. "In contrast to the nuclear genome, organelle genomes occur at high copy numbers and are usually distributed among multiple organelles per cell. Polyploidy and free vegetative segregation of organelles and their genomes are hallmarks of cytoplasmic inheritance." https://lnkd.in/d34vWHz View in LinkedIn

SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES. "Nuclear and organellar genomes differ fundamentally in their genome organization, coding capacity, mutation rate, and phylogeography." https://lnkd.in/d34vWHz View in LinkedIn

SEGMENT CONFLICTS. "Uniparental inheritance can induce genome conflicts between the nucleus and the organelles. In both plant and animal systems, an increased female fitness associated with the organellar genotype (cytotype) has been observed. This phenomenon of a sex-specific selective sieve (“mother's curse”) applies, for example, if female and male metabolic requirements are different." https://lnkd.in/d34vWHz View in LinkedIn

HYBRID INCOMPATABILITY. "Finally, the tight co-evolution of nuclear and organellar genomes can result in genetic incompatibilities when new genome combinations are generated through hybridization. Although the organellar genomes of related species are often very similar and typically have identical coding capacities, organelles are not freely exchangeable between species." https://lnkd.in/d34vWHz View in LinkedIn

SPECIES BARRIERS. "Enforced by uniparental inheritance and lack of sexual recombination, co-evolution, and co-adaptation of the genetic compartments lead to tight genetic interdependence of the nucleus and the organelles. Combination of a nuclear genome with an alien mitochondrial or plastid genome thus can result in inter-specific hybrids that display so-called cytoplasmic incompatibilities. Such incompatibilities can create hybridization barriers and contribute to speciation." https://lnkd.in/d34vWHz View in LinkedIn

REPEATED EVOLUTION. "Especially in vascular plants, where chloroplast transmission has been extensively studied, a large dataset supports repeated and independent evolution of biparental plastid transmission. “ https://lnkd.in/d34vWHz View in LinkedIn

VARIED TRANSMISSION. "In many branches of the phylogenetic tree, plastid transmission modes vary from maternal, maternal with paternal leakage, biparental (unbiased or with maternal or paternal dominance) to paternal. Interestingly, about one third of the plant species analyzed so far display the potential for biparental plastid transmission." https://lnkd.in/d34vWHz View in LinkedIn

Chlorinated chicken? Yes, we really can have too much trade https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/jul/25/chlorinated-chicken-trade-britain-us-food-standards-globalisation?CMP=Share_iOSApp_Other View in LinkedIn

MIXED MECHANISMS. "Relaxed uniparental maternal inheritance is also observed in ferns and algae. Moreover, mitochondria and plastids can be inherited independently of each other by different sexes. For example, plastids are maternally inherited whereas mitochondria are paternally inherited in cucumber. Paternal or biparental mitochondrial inheritance is frequently found in fungi." https://lnkd.in/d34vWHz View in LinkedIn

PATERNAL ROUTE. "For a few plant species, paternal leakage frequencies of plastids could be determined experimentally. The observed leakage frequencies are rather high, and thus blur the boundary between uniparental and biparental transmission." https://lnkd.in/d34vWHz View in LinkedIn