Year: 2022

EVOLUTION WITHOUT GENE MUTATION. "Significant evolutionary modifications can occur by changing the repetitive elements that format the genome architecture rather than, as has been widely assumed so far, by altering protein-coding sequences. This implies that changes in the regulatory framework may lead to new complex phenotypes without even requiring a modification of the coding sequences." https://lnkd.in/e-pJFM6 View in LinkedIn

NON-CODING DNA. "For decades, non-coding regions of the genome have been ignored or declared as ‘‘junk’’-DNA. Over the past decade, however, scientists have realized that these regions incorporate decisive higher-order regulatory functions." https://lnkd.in/e-pJFM6 View in LinkedIn

MINORITY CODING SEQUENCES. "Within the human genome sequences are only 3% coding for proteins and 97% non-coding ones. But these 3% of the protein-coding sequences match with those of the mouse by up to 99%. Highly developed genomes among mammals contain a nearly identical protein-coding vocabulary." https://lnkd.in/e-pJFM6 View in LinkedIn

NON-CODING REPETITIVE DNA SEQUENCES. "While bacterial genomes almost lack such repetitive elements, there is a ten-fold increase of such segments in the genome of the eukaryotic yeast cells; in the case of the fruit fly Drosophila, the repetitive elements already amount to 10%, while in humans they reach 97%. These formatting, repetitive elements are a prerequisite for the decisive DNA-editing processes such as expression, replication, repair and recombination." https://lnkd.in/e-pJFM6 View in LinkedIn

FORMERLY JUNK. "Clearly, mobile sequences such as transposons and retroposons and non-coding repetitive elements such as LTRs, SINEs and LINEs (long terminal repeats, short interspersed elements, long interspersed elements) enable far-reaching DNA rearrangement and reorganization. Together, they play a decisive role in the evolution of new genomic structures." https://lnkd.in/e-pJFM6 View in LinkedIn

DIVERSITY FROM SINGLE SOURCE. "Depending on the organism's state of development, the varying chromatin markers are thus capable through different methylation patterns, histone modifications and alternative splicing of creating a set of ‘‘multiple protein meanings from one and the same genetic data-set." https://lnkd.in/e-pJFM6 View in LinkedIn

EXTRA-GENETIC INHERITANCE. "This even characterizes the rise of epigenetics, i.e., the view that phenotypic variations, which are heritable, need not be connected with genetic alterations." https://lnkd.in/e-pJFM6 View in LinkedIn

"THE QUESTION arises as to how and why the evolution of higher genetic complexity is connected to non-coding DNA, formerly termed ‘‘junk’’-DNA?" https://lnkd.in/e-pJFM6 View in LinkedIn

DNA EDITING AND ENZYME DIVERSITY. "Although we have known for several decades that the unbelievable diversity of enzyme proteins is a practical tool for DNA editing processes, it was unclear by which rules or higher-order regulations they are governed." https://lnkd.in/e-pJFM6 View in LinkedIn

JUMPING GENES AND MICRO-RNA. "Long-Terminal Repeat (LTR) Retrotransposons Produce Masses of sRNAs That Provide a Large Selective Pool of sRNA Regulators for Pathogenicity." (sRNA = small/microRNA). https://lnkd.in/evpzgrd View in LinkedIn