Year: 2022

UPREGULATED GENES. "We identified several hundred mouthparts-upregulated genes in each species, which were primarily involved in metabolism. Twenty-five of these genes were upregulated in all five species, and 11 displayed Heliconius-specific upregulation." https://lnkd.in/essFGXS View in LinkedIn

GENE DUPLICATION. "We find evidence for both gene duplication and expression regulation changes during the evolution of mouthpart-specific gene expression, and these candidate genes provide a starting point from which to examine the genetic basis of pollen feeding." https://lnkd.in/essFGXS View in LinkedIn

HUMAN DIET ADAPTATIONS. "The continuous production of lactase into late human development allowed for adult digestion of lactose in milk, and is thought to be due to cis-regulatory changes in an enhancer region upstream of the lactase gene." https://lnkd.in/essFGXS View in LinkedIn

STARCH DIET CHANGES. "Copy number variation has been observed in the amylase genes of humans, with increased expression and corresponding protein levels being associated with a high starch diet." https://lnkd.in/essFGXS View in LinkedIn

ACCUMULATION OF MUTATIONS. "Given the overall low figures for multicellular organisms in general, we would expect that natural selection would be powerless to stop the accumulation of certain genomic alterations over the entirety of metazoan evolution. One type of mutation that fits this description is intergenic insertions, be they transposable elements, pseudogenes, or random sequence." http://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.1004351 View in LinkedIn

SELECTION INVISIBLE. "The creation and loss of TF-binding motifs or cryptic transcriptional start sites in these same intergenic regions will equally be invisible to natural selection, provided that these do not drastically alter the expression of any nearby genes or cause the production of stable toxic transcripts." (TF = transcription factor). https://lnkd.in/eT5V5Xc View in LinkedIn

DOGMA. "A central tenet of the nearly neutral theory of molecular evolution is that extraneous DNA sequences can be present within genomes, provided that they do not significantly impact the fitness of the organism." http://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.1004351 View in LinkedIn

EVOLUTION OF THE NUCLEUS. "One important event in early eukaryotic evolution was the development of a symbiotic relationship between the α-proteobacteria progenitor of mitochondria and an archaebacteria-like host. As with most endosymbiotically derived organelles, DNA was transferred from mitochondria to the host." http://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.1004351 View in LinkedIn

EU drops law to limit cancer-linked chemical in food after industry complaint View in LinkedIn

BY MEANS OF ENDOSYMBIOSIS, "Group II introns, which are still found in both mitochondria and α-proteobacteria, invaded the host genome. Group II introns are parasitic DNA fragments that replicate when they are transcribed, typically as part of a larger transcript." http://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.1004351 View in LinkedIn