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TEMPORAL SEGREGATION SOLUTION. "Many unicellular organisms have overcome this problem by temporal segregation of incompatible activities, essentially cycling between phases dedicated solely to a single activity. These cycles can be regulated by endogenous rhythmic mechanisms, as well as by external signals." http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/early/2011/12/05/rspb.2011.1999.short View in LinkedIn

"SEPARATE GENES, which make up the genome, cooperate in what has been termed the ‘parliament of the genes’." http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982207014996 View in LinkedIn

MULTITASKING EXAMPLES. "Examples include biochemical incompatibility between metabolic processes (such as between oxygenic photosynthesis and oxygen-sensitive nitrogen fixation in cyanobacteria), motility and mitosis (processes that compete for the use of the same cellular machinery, the microtubule-organizing centre), and, in general, reproduction and survival in a challenging environment." http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/early/2011/12/05/rspb.2011.1999.short View in LinkedIn

"THE MITOCHONDRIA upon which these eukaryotic cells rely were once free-living prokaryotic cells but now live cooperative lives." http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982207014996 View in LinkedIn

MULTITASKING NEED. "Even simple, unicellular organisms need to perform physiological tasks that cannot be efficiently accomplished simultaneously by the same cell." http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/early/2011/12/05/rspb.2011.1999.short View in LinkedIn

COOPERATION IS CRITICAL. "The very existence of multicellular organisms relies upon cooperation between the eukaryotic cells that make them up." http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982207014996 View in LinkedIn

COOPERATION. "Such transitions are thought to be based on cooperation between the lower-level units, and recent models for the evolution of multicellularity are based on the concept of division of labour, typically between soma and germ cells." http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/early/2011/12/05/rspb.2011.1999.short View in LinkedIn

CHEATER FITNESS. "In a mixed population, the selfish cheater benefits from the cooperative behaviour of the cooperators, without paying the cost. Consequently, the selfish cheater has a higher fitness than the cooperators and spreads through the population, despite the fact that this leads to a decline in mean fitness." http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982207014996 View in LinkedIn

SELFISH CHEATERS. "In the absence of one of the mechanisms discussed in this review, natural selection favours selfish individuals who do not cooperate. Consider a population of cooperators (‘C’) in which an uncooperative, selfish cheater (‘S’) arises through mutation or migration." http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982207014996 View in LinkedIn

COOPERATION AND EVOLUTIONARY THEORY. "A behaviour is cooperative if it provides a benefit to another individual and if it has evolved at least partially because of this benefit. Such behaviours pose a problem to evolutionary theory because — all else being equal — they would reduce the relative fitness of the performer of that behaviour and hence be selected against." http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982207014996 View in LinkedIn