Category: Uncategorized

STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION. "A better understanding of how silks interact with web structures during prey capture, how and why silk properties vary at individual and interspecific levels, and what selective pressures drive the evolution of silk properties will reveal new possibilities for the application of silk analogues." https://lnkd.in/dHWBg9g View in LinkedIn

CONSEQUENCES OF CAUSAL EFFICACY. "This convolution results in multidirectional causality with causal influences running both up and down the hierarchy of structure of biological systems (e.g. both from genome to proteome, and from proteome to genome via the switching on and off of genes)." https://lnkd.in/dTS7dFy View in LinkedIn

STEREOTYPICAL WEBS. "The most species-rich families within Orbiculariae are the linyphiids and the theridiids. Each has independently transformed the orb into different aerial sheets. In both cases, these webs are distinguished from ancestral sheets not only in being aerial but also in the overall stereotypy of their architectures, a characteristic inherited from orb weaving ancestors." http://www.pnas.org/content/106/13/5229.full View in LinkedIn

EFFICACY OF INFORMATION. "Perhaps even more profound, this abstraction appears to have causal efficacy - it is the information that determines the state and hence the dynamics. As such, it is the efficacy of information that leads to the convolution of dynamical laws and states that makes biology so unique." https://lnkd.in/dTS7dFy View in LinkedIn

SPIDER FAMILIES. "Most of the current diversity of spiders results from 2 major radiations −RTA clade (>21,000 spp.) and Orbiculariae (>11,000 spp.). The putative sister group of Orbiculariae in our hypothesis, the RTA clade, is even more diverse (>21,000). Hence, we cannot, by sister group comparison alone, claim that the invention of the orb web per se dramatically affected diversification rates. Notably, the most diverse families of spiders within the RTA clade are largely, or entirely webless, and have secondarily lost cribellate silk." http://www.pnas.org/content/106/13/5229.full View in LinkedIn

GENES IN CONTEXT OF CELLS. "It is meaningful, or biologically functional, only within the context of the cell, where a suite of molecular hardware collaborate in decoding and executing the encoded instruction (e.g. to make a protein). As such, biological information is an abstract global systemic entity, carrying meaning only within the context of an entire living system." https://lnkd.in/dTS7dFy View in LinkedIn

MEANING IN CONTEXT. "Biological information is distinctive in its contextual or semantic nature, in other words it means something. For example, a gene is just a random sequence of nucleotides when taken in isolation, and is indistinguishable from junk, or noncoding, DNA." https://lnkd.in/dTS7dFy View in LinkedIn

TRANSITION TO A BIGGER CELL. "A typical eukaryotic cell is about 1,000-fold bigger by volume than a typical bacterium or archaeon, and functions under different physical principles. The other hallmark of the eukaryotic cell is the presence of mitochondria, which have a central role in energy transformation and perform many additional roles in eukaryotic cells, such as in signaling and cell death." https://lnkd.in/d_D8bWi View in LinkedIn

TWO GROUPS. "The origin of the eukaryotic cell, which is known as eukaryogenesis, has puzzled scientists for more than 100 years, and many hypotheses have been proposed...we evaluate the available theories for their compatibility with empirical observations and conclude that cellular life consists of two primary, paraphyletic prokaryotic groups and one secondary, monophyletic group that has symbiogenic origins — the eukaryotes." https://lnkd.in/dz-st9e View in LinkedIn

QUANTUM JUMP. "The emergence of the eukaryotic cell with its nucleus, endomembrane system, and membrane-bound organelles represented a quantum leap in complexity beyond anything seen in prokaryotes." http://www.biomedcentral.com/1741-7007/12/76 View in LinkedIn