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ANCIENT OVERLAPS. "The organizational complexity of the eukaryotic cells is complemented by extremely sophisticated, cross-talking signaling networks. Eukaryotes all share the main features of cellular architecture and the regulatory circuitry that clearly differentiate them from prokaryotes, although the ancestral forms of some signature eukaryotic systems are increasingly detected in prokaryotes." https://lnkd.in/d_D8bWi View in LinkedIn

ENGULFMENT EVENTS. "The key events in the evolution of eukaryotes were the acquisition of the nucleus, the endomembrane system, and mitochondria. It is now established beyond reasonable doubt that mitochondria are derived from endosymbiotic α-proteobacteria." http://www.biomedcentral.com/1741-7007/12/76 View in LinkedIn

Dutch trains become 100% powered by wind energy https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jan/10/dutch-trains-100-percent-wind-powered-ns?CMP=Share_iOSApp_Other View in LinkedIn

TRANSITION TO A BIGGER CELL. "A typical eukaryotic cell is about 1,000-fold bigger by volume than a typical bacterium or archaeon, and functions under different physical principles. The other hallmark of the eukaryotic cell is the presence of mitochondria, which have a central role in energy transformation and perform many additional roles in eukaryotic cells, such as in signaling and cell death." https://lnkd.in/d_D8bWi View in LinkedIn

TWO GROUPS. "The origin of the eukaryotic cell, which is known as eukaryogenesis, has puzzled scientists for more than 100 years, and many hypotheses have been proposed...we evaluate the available theories for their compatibility with empirical observations and conclude that cellular life consists of two primary, paraphyletic prokaryotic groups and one secondary, monophyletic group that has symbiogenic origins — the eukaryotes." https://lnkd.in/dz-st9e View in LinkedIn

QUANTUM JUMP. "The emergence of the eukaryotic cell with its nucleus, endomembrane system, and membrane-bound organelles represented a quantum leap in complexity beyond anything seen in prokaryotes." http://www.biomedcentral.com/1741-7007/12/76 View in LinkedIn

KEY EVENT. "Although the origin of the eukaryotic cell has long been recognized as the single most profound change in cellular organization during the evolution of life on earth, this transition remains poorly understood." http://www.biomedcentral.com/1741-7007/12/76 View in LinkedIn

NEW SILK. "While dragline silk in both orb-web spiders and less-derived (non-orb) spiders is impressively strong and tough, there is a significant increase in material properties associated with the origin of orb-web spiders. Spiders within the Orbiculariae also evolved a new type of capture silk (viscid silk) that is currently considered to play an important role in stopping large, fast-flying prey." https://lnkd.in/dqTjK77 View in LinkedIn

GENETIC MOSAIC. "Archaebacteria-affiliated genes are more highly and broadly expressed in humans, they evolve more slowly than eubacterial genes and are more central in human PINs. By contrast, eubacterial genes have duplicated much more than archaebacterial genes, and the proportion of eubacteria-affiliated genes in humans exceeds that in yeast." (PINs = protein interaction networks). https://lnkd.in/dz-st9e View in LinkedIn

AERIAL WEB SILK EVOLUTION. "Spiders also responded to greater web stresses by evolving silks with enhanced mechanical properties. Dragline silk evolved early in the evolutionary history of spiders, long before the origin of orb-webs." https://lnkd.in/dqTjK77 View in LinkedIn