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DEGREES OF PERMANENCE. "Three-dimensional webs tend to be more permanent structures when compared with many orb-webs that are often replaced daily. This will perhaps select for silks better equipped to deal with repeated and prolonged stresses, and for silks more resistant to permanent deformation (i.e. higher yield values)." https://lnkd.in/dqTjK77 View in LinkedIn

GEOMETRIC CONSIDERATIONS. "Sheet-webs and cobwebs generally exhibit reduced geometric regularity when compared with orb-webs, although within species there is still a high degree of structural stereotypy. The reduced geometric regularity and decreased use of capture silk in cobwebs and sheet-webs make them absorb prey energy very differently from orb-webs." https://lnkd.in/dqTjK77 View in LinkedIn

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ORB-WEB ORIGINS. "Recent evidence that combines both morphological and molecular data indicates that linyphiid sheet-webs and theridiid cobwebs each evolved independently from orb-webs. The huge diversity within these families, along with the frequent reduction of orb-webs within the ‘traditional’ orb-spinning families, suggests that the orb-web has provided a platform for the further rapid evolution of novel web structures." https://lnkd.in/dqTjK77 View in LinkedIn

EVOLUTIONARY TRENDS. "In addition to modified orb-webs for prey specialization, there is a strong evolutionary trend among derived orbicularian spiders towards smaller body and web size, as well as for webs that enclose three-dimensional spaces." https://lnkd.in/dqTjK77 View in LinkedIn

"SPECIALIST WEBS are in most cases greatly reduced in size and complexity when compared with typical orbs, in the most extreme cases consisting of only single lines of silk. Particularly for reduced webs, spiders cannot rely on the highly geometric orb-web structure to assist in energy dissipation and must instead depend to a greater extent on the biomechanical properties of individual silk threads." https://lnkd.in/dqTjK77 View in LinkedIn

COMBINED CHARACTERISTICS. "In reality, the combination of characteristics of araneoid orb-webs—their vertical orientation, greater ability to dissipate prey energy, increased stickiness and greater economy—are all likely to have contributed to the greater success and diversity of this group. Not only do these traits improve prey capture potential, but they also allow spiders to occupy new niches." https://lnkd.in/dqTjK77 View in LinkedIn

PROTEIN TRANSPORT MACHINERY. "Nowack and Grossman reported that three genes encoding components of photosystem I that have been transferred to the nucleus of the (eukaryotic) amoeba Paulinella chromatophora produce cytosol-synthesized proteins that are imported back into chromatophores." http://www.pnas.org/content/112/33/10278.full View in LinkedIn

PURELY RHETORICAL? "Overall, we question whether premises of existing theories about the uniqueness of eukaryogenesis and the greater evolutionary potential of eukaryotes have been objectively formulated and whether, despite widespread acceptance that eukaryogenesis was “special,” any such notion has more than rhetorical value." http://www.pnas.org/content/112/33/10278.full View in LinkedIn

ANOTHER CONTRARY FINDING. "In just the last few years, however, at least one endosymbiont not genealogically related to mitochondria and plastids has been shown to (likely) have independently evolved protein transport machinery." http://www.pnas.org/content/112/33/10278.full View in LinkedIn