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COSELECTION. "The microbial symbionts represent diverse genomes; and those genomes can also be coselected together with the genome of their host. In aphids, symbiotic bacteria provide selectable allelic variation (thermotolerance, color, parasitoid resistance) that enable some hosts to persist better under different environmental conditions."​ https://lnkd.in/ddVyNR5 View in LinkedIn

DRIVERS OF NEW GENES. "Processes like exaptation of transposable elements, gene duplication, and horizontal gene transfer emerge as potential forces underlying the generation of orphan genes." http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168952515000347 View in LinkedIn

VERTICAL SYMBIONTS. "Arthropods often acquire their symbionts vertically though the maternal germline as well as horizontally from the environment. Mammals obtain them through the maternal reproductive tract and from the mutual licking and grooming following birth."​ https://lnkd.in/ddVyNR5 View in LinkedIn

NEW HYMN BOOK. "The one-genome/one-organism doctrine of classical genetics has been eclipsed by studies of hereditary symbiosis. Microbial symbionts form a second type of genetic inheritance."​ https://lnkd.in/ddVyNR5 View in LinkedIn

MOSAIC PHYSIOLOGIES. "The common gut symbiont Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron induces angiogenin-4 gene expression in the intestinal Paneth cell. This protein functions to produce new blood vessels. But it is also a bacteriocidal factor against Listeria, the major competitor of Bacteroides and a gut pathogen. From these examples, we may conclude that on classical physiological grounds, animals are not individuals."​ https://lnkd.in/ddVyNR5 View in LinkedIn

DISEASE PROTECTION. "Specific bacteria also induce the formation of regulatory T-lymphocytes that suppress potentially dangerous immune responses that can cause inflammatory bowel disease."​ https://lnkd.in/ddVyNR5 View in LinkedIn

METABOLIC OUTSOURCING. "Lipid metabolism, the detoxification of xenobiotics, regulation of colonic pH, vitamin synthesis, and intestinal permeability are each biological functions provided to the holobiont by bacteria."​ https://lnkd.in/ddVyNR5 View in LinkedIn

SHARED PHYSIOLOGIES. "​In the early 20th century, findings that microbes inherited through the eggs of insects caused morphological changes with no apparent pathogenic effects on their host further suggested how organisms living in close proximity shared their respective physiologies."​ https://lnkd.in/ddVyNR5 View in LinkedIn

NEW VIEW. "Yet, far removed from this classical conception, a small but growing body of evidence accumulated, which reveals that this physiological division of labor could also be accomplished by different species living together, as exemplified by the discoveries, in the latter 19th century, of the duality of lichens, of fungi living in the roots of orchids and forest trees, of nitrogen-fixing bacteria in root nodules of legumes, and of algae living inside the cells of translucent cnidarians."​ https://lnkd.in/ddVyNR5 View in LinkedIn

OLD VIEW. "​In the post-Darwinian era, this individualistic view of the organism extended to the organization of the cell, as well as projected onto the organism formed by intercellular relations. Accordingly, all complex organization resulted from the struggle for existence, providing an ever-increasing integration through a division of labor. A common assumption underlays this classical conception, namely, that each organism is derived from one germplasm, the zygote."​ https://lnkd.in/ddVyNR5 View in LinkedIn