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HIGH TURNOVER. "Even asymptomatic viruses such as anelloviruses are under continuous immune surveillance. It has been estimated that over 90% of anelloviruses in serum are replaced daily with over a billion new virions, suggesting that significant antigen expression may occur for years after the acquisition of infection in the first years of life." http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0092867409007831 View in LinkedIn

ONE ASPECT OF THE PICTURE. "Evolutionary genetics uses a population approach to understand how organismal changes in form or function are linked to underlying genetics, focusing on changes in gene and genotype frequencies within populations and the fixation of genotypic variation into traits that define species or evoke speciation events." https://lnkd.in/dD4GcAS View in LinkedIn

NEW PARADIGM IN DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY. "Evolutionary developmental biology (evodevo) attempts to explain how the process of organismal development evolves, utilizing a comparative approach to investigate changes in developmental pathways and processes that occur during the evolution of a given lineage." https://lnkd.in/dD4GcAS View in LinkedIn

FRAGMENT FROM NATURE focuses on a brilliant article by Chelsea D Specht, from Professor of Plant Biology at Berkeley, considering evolutionary developmental biology (evo-devo) approaches to flower form adaptation. "In 1977, a revolution in thinking about evolution and developmental biology began, with the arrival of recombinant DNA technology in genetics, and the papers Ontogeny and Phylogeny by Stephen J. Gould and Evolution by Tinkering by François Jacob." This is the mature flowering of that line of thinking. https://lnkd.in/dFhPQGP View in LinkedIn

RNA TO DNA. "The transition from the RNA to the DNA world was a major event in the history of life. The invention of DNA required the appearance of enzymatic activities for both synthesis of DNA precursors, retro-transcription of RNA templates and replication of single and double-stranded DNA molecules...DNA can be considered as a modified form of RNA." https://lnkd.in/dNTbYMw View in LinkedIn

ANCIENT LIFE FORMS. "Negatively stranded RNA viruses have genome structures and replication patterns that are dissimilar to all known cell types. As demonstrated by phylogenetic analyses, cellular replicases are related to each other; however, there is no similarity between RNA-viral replicases and those of any known cell types." https://lnkd.in/e-pJFM6 View in LinkedIn

FLOWER SYMMETRY. "Subsequent studies demonstrated that this same class of genes was responsible for the evolution of symmetry across many lineages of flowering plants, with similar yet independently evolved genetic mechanisms underlying differential gene expression patterns." https://lnkd.in/dD4GcAS View in LinkedIn

SNAPDRAGON CANDIDATE GENE EXAMPLE. "For example, changes in the expression of the TCP gene lineage during floral development of Antirrhinum were shown to cause alterations in petal morphology in this model species, resulting in a shift from bilaterally symmetrical to radially symmetrical flowers." https://lnkd.in/dD4GcAS View in LinkedIn

TCP GENES. These are developmental transcription factor genes found only in vascular plants, involved in the evolution of key morphological features. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP_protein_domain View in LinkedIn

ANCIENT PLAYERS. "These speculations on the origin of DNA fit well with hypotheses on viral origin that consider no longer viruses as fragments of genetic materials recently escaped from their hosts, but as ancient players in life evolution, possibly predating the divergence between the three domains of life." https://lnkd.in/dNTbYMw View in LinkedIn