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BUFFERING. "When buffering breaks down, thresholds governing the expression of previously silent variation are crossed. At these thresholds, phenotypic differences suddenly appear and are available for selection. Thus, buffering mechanisms modulate evolution and regulate a balance between evolutionary stasis and change." https://lnkd.in/duMqB2A View in LinkedIn

DIVERGENT EXPRESSION. "Even in closely related species with highly similar genome sequences, gene expression patterns can be quite different. This divergence in gene expression and regulation has been postulated to play a major role in evolution and is believed to be one of the primary sources of phenotypic variation between species." https://lnkd.in/dZmd2Vb View in LinkedIn

REGULATION TRUMPS NOVELTY. "It turns out that the genomic changes that enabled these evolutionary developments were far more subtle—it is the regulation, rather than the modification or creation, of genes that has driven macroscopic events throughout evolution." https://lnkd.in/eNHFjJ8 View in LinkedIn

Rock climber makes historic ropeless ascent of California's El Capitan View in LinkedIn

"PROMOTERS are typically located upstream of the gene they regulate. They contain binding sites for regulatory proteins such as transcription factors (TFs). The binding of a TF to a binding sites enables other factors to bind and finally leads to the recruitment (transcriptional activation) or blocking (transcriptional repression) of the RNA polymerase which is responsible for transcribing the corresponding gene." https://lnkd.in/dpmNZfM View in LinkedIn

CONSERVED SEQUENCES. "In many cases, the function of a regulatory sequence may, however, remain well conserved despite substantial sequence changes." https://genomebiology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/gb-2007-8-10-r225 View in LinkedIn

ENHANCER REGIONS. "Most mammalian genes are controlled by collections of enhancer regions, often located tens to hundreds of kilobases away from transcription start sites." https://lnkd.in/dnC2aVU View in LinkedIn

INDIRECT GENE SELECTION. "In the process of evolution, selection may act directly on regulatory functions but only indirectly on gene sequences, which is supported by the experimental observations that some orthologous genes with highly conserved expression patterns have substantial divergence in their promoter sequence. That means that functional conservation does not necessitate conservation on the sequence level." https://genomebiology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/gb-2007-8-10-r225 View in LinkedIn

HIGH TURNOVER. "Estimates of transcription factor binding site (TFBS) turnover rates rank as high as 32-40% between human and rodent species." https://genomebiology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/gb-2007-8-10-r225 View in LinkedIn

PROMOTORS AND SPECIATION. "Divergence in Promoter Function May Contribute to Reproductive Isolation. Changes in transcriptional regulation may also be important in speciation." https://lnkd.in/dTi6Znf View in LinkedIn