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TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS (TF). "It is well known that several transcription factors have DNA binding domains belonging to large paralogous families, although the transcription factors can differ extensively in sequence. Hence, evolution through TFs appears to be a successful strategy for regulation of gene expression." http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0958166915000208 View in LinkedIn

TWO GENE COPIES. "Historically, genome duplication was thought to be a mechanism of evolutionary change because it creates redundant copies of protein-encoding genes with impunity; these copies can have mutations, but the cell will continue to function as it retains an original version of the gene that was duplicated." https://lnkd.in/eNHFjJ8 View in LinkedIn

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MOLECULAR EVOLUTION. "The goal of this review is to bring transcriptional regulation into the mainstream of molecular evolution. We are concerned here with promoters (cis-regulatory sequences that influence transcription) and transcription factors (proteins that interact with these sequences)." A great read. https://lnkd.in/dTi6Znf View in LinkedIn

"TRANSCRIPTION REGULATION is a central component in the control of gene expression. Identification of functional cis-elements in promoter regions, a key to understanding gene regulation, has turned out to be a difficult task thus far." https://genomebiology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/gb-2007-8-10-r225 View in LinkedIn

DOMINANT LIFESTYLE ON EARTH. "We have heard much about non-coding RNAs, mobile genetic elements, repeat sequences, and introns— all of them formerly being termed ‘‘junk,’’ but now we can imagine these as remnants of persistent viral infection events. Thus, the persistent viral lifestyle is the most dominant biological lifestyle on this planet." https://lnkd.in/eWydwab View in LinkedIn

NOT JUNK DNA. "The majority of the human genome consists of non-coding regions that have been called junk DNA. However, recent studies have unveiled that these regions contain cis-regulatory elements, such as promoters, enhancers, silencers, insulators, etc. These regulatory elements can play crucial roles in controlling gene expressions in specific cell types, conditions, and developmental stages. Disruption to these regions could contribute to phenotype changes." https://lnkd.in/dpPBtPH View in LinkedIn

RELATIVE STABILITY. "Recently Evolved Promoters, Though Less Common Than Enhancers, Are Mostly Found in Young DNA. Promoters are far more evolutionarily stable than are enhancers. Nevertheless, the absolute number of promoters deeply conserved across all 20 study species is similar to the number of recently evolved promoters in any one species." https://lnkd.in/dnC2aVU View in LinkedIn

ENHANCER YOUTH. "Perhaps our most surprising finding is that representative mammals typically deploy over 10,000 enhancers in a lineage- and probably most often species-specific manner. In total, almost half of all enhancers in each species appear to be recently evolved." https://lnkd.in/dnC2aVU View in LinkedIn

ENHANCER IMPACT. "Both conserved and recently evolved enhancer sequences have been shown to have important phenotypic consequences. Highly conserved enhancer sequences can regulate fundamental processes, such as embryonic development." https://lnkd.in/dnC2aVU View in LinkedIn