Category: Uncategorized

APHID META-ORGANISM. "We present some evolutionary and ecologically-relevant aspects of these interactions, focusing on aphid defenses to parasitism, and considering aphids either as "extended organisms" comprising aphid and symbionts' genomes, or as "single-genome" organisms whose immune components are still poorly known." https://lnkd.in/dapi6EP View in LinkedIn

"RED CAROTENOIDS can be synthesized by some aphids, which were acquired by horizontal gene transfer from fungi millions of years ago. Carotenoids synthesis by animals is very rare. This carotenoids molecule can use natural light energy to make ATP. The abundance of the carotenoids system in aphids remains a mystery." https://lnkd.in/dcydbvA View in LinkedIn

MEDICAL SYMBIONTS. "Some aphids also bear bacterial ‘secondary symbionts’, e.g. Serratia symbiotica, Hamiltonella defensa and Regiella insecticola, which can, variously, promote resistance to parasitoids and entomopathogenic fungi, aphid usage of certain plants and thermal tolerance." http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/275/1634/565.short View in LinkedIn

TRANSMISSION OF SYMBIONT. "Most aphids possess intracellular bacteria of the genus Buchnera. The bacteria are transmitted vertically via the aphid ovary, and the association is obligate for both partners: Bacteria-free aphids grow poorly and produce few or no offspring, and Buchnera are both unknown apart from aphids and apparently unculturable. The symbiosis has a nutritional basis." https://lnkd.in/dDJrSDJ View in LinkedIn

APHID MICROBIOTA. "The microbiota of most aphids is dominated by the γ-proteobacterium Buchnera aphidicola, which provides the aphid with essential amino acids and is required by the insect: aphids experimentally deprived of B. aphidicola by antibiotic treatment (‘aposymbiotic’ aphids) grow very slowly and are reproductively sterile." http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/275/1634/565.short View in LinkedIn

POOR DIET. "Plant phloem sap is one diet with a grossly unbalanced amino acid composition. Symbiotic bacteria enable insect to use a nutritionally inadequate diet. The capacity of aphids to use plant phloem sap, with low essential amino acid content, has been attributed to their symbiotic bacteria, Buchnera aphidicola, which can synthesize these nutrients." https://lnkd.in/d5SK36b View in LinkedIn

SUPPLEMENTAL DIET. "Many herbivorous insects are chronically infected by symbiotic micro-organisms, some of which supplement the nutritionally poor plant diet with vitamins and essential amino acids. These symbiotic micro-organisms are generally beneficial for the insect host." https://lnkd.in/dNuJ26a View in LinkedIn

SURPRISE. “Strikingly, the total number of genes for ncRNAs that are expressed from a mammalian genome seems to exceed the number of protein-coding genes several fold.” (ncRNA = non-coding RNA). https://lnkd.in/dwuaM5f View in LinkedIn

INSECTS. "It is roughly estimated that more than 70% of species host one or more bacterial symbionts." https://lnkd.in/dapi6EP View in LinkedIn

FAST DIVERSIFICATION. “These results are consistent with the repeat insertion domains of LncRNAs hypothesis under which TEs have substantially contributed to the origin, evolution, and, in particular, fast functional diversification, of lincRNA genes.” (lincRNA = Long intergenic non-coding RNA); (TE = transposable elements). https://lnkd.in/dwuaM5f View in LinkedIn