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FOSSIL VIRUSES AND EVOLUTION. “We demonstrate that TEs substantially contribute to the evolution of lincRNAs and their promoter regions.” (TE = transposable elements); (lincRNA = Long intergenic non-coding RNA). https://lnkd.in/dwuaM5f View in LinkedIn

SO ENDS this case study of the relationship between ants and aphids, and of the microbiota in aphids. Without the microbiota, the aphids would starve, and higher up the food chain, the ants would be forced to earn a living differently. Dutch dolls. A series of exquisitely nested relationships that have been honed by aeons. View in LinkedIn

APHID META-ORGANISM. "We present some evolutionary and ecologically-relevant aspects of these interactions, focusing on aphid defenses to parasitism, and considering aphids either as "extended organisms" comprising aphid and symbionts' genomes, or as "single-genome" organisms whose immune components are still poorly known." https://lnkd.in/dapi6EP View in LinkedIn

"RED CAROTENOIDS can be synthesized by some aphids, which were acquired by horizontal gene transfer from fungi millions of years ago. Carotenoids synthesis by animals is very rare. This carotenoids molecule can use natural light energy to make ATP. The abundance of the carotenoids system in aphids remains a mystery." https://lnkd.in/dcydbvA View in LinkedIn

MEDICAL SYMBIONTS. "Some aphids also bear bacterial ‘secondary symbionts’, e.g. Serratia symbiotica, Hamiltonella defensa and Regiella insecticola, which can, variously, promote resistance to parasitoids and entomopathogenic fungi, aphid usage of certain plants and thermal tolerance." http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/275/1634/565.short View in LinkedIn

TRANSMISSION OF SYMBIONT. "Most aphids possess intracellular bacteria of the genus Buchnera. The bacteria are transmitted vertically via the aphid ovary, and the association is obligate for both partners: Bacteria-free aphids grow poorly and produce few or no offspring, and Buchnera are both unknown apart from aphids and apparently unculturable. The symbiosis has a nutritional basis." https://lnkd.in/dDJrSDJ View in LinkedIn

EVOLUTIONARY CONTRIBUTION. “Thus, it has been suggested that TES divide lincRNAs into classes and have contributed to lincRNA evolution and function by conferring tissue-specific expression from extant transcriptional regulatory signals.” (TES = TE-derived sequences; lincRNA = long intergenic non-coding RNA). https://lnkd.in/dwuaM5f View in LinkedIn

NOT CONSERVED. “It is well established that, compared to protein-coding sequences and structural RNAs, lincRNAs are weakly conserved in evolution.” (lincRNA = long intergenic non-coding RNA). https://lnkd.in/dwuaM5f View in LinkedIn

EVOLUTIONARY CONTRIBUTION. “Thus, it has been suggested that TES divide lincRNAs into classes and have contributed to lincRNA evolution and function by conferring tissue-specific expression from extant transcriptional regulatory signals.” (TES = TE-derived sequences; lincRNA = long intergenic non-coding RNA). https://lnkd.in/dwuaM5f View in LinkedIn

POSSIBLE FUNCTIONS. “Nevertheless, the functional range of this class of ncRNA is believed to be broad on the basis of indirect evidence. It has been proposed that lincRNAs could be involved in the regulation of many cellular processes.” (lincRNA = long intergenic non-coding RNA; ncRNA = non-coding RNA). https://lnkd.in/dwuaM5f View in LinkedIn