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MULTIPLE FORMATS. "Auxiliary proteins or Δ-domains strictly control assembly of multiple, identical, HK97-like subunits into procapsids with specific icosahedral symmetries, rather than aberrant non-icosahedral structures. Some coat proteins built on the ubiquitous HK97-fold also have accessory domains or loops that impart specific functions, such as increased monomer, procapsid, or capsid stability. (There are) numerous HK97-like coat protein structures that are emerging in the literature (over 40 at time of writing)." https://lnkd.in/dBCqqe2 View in LinkedIn

FRAGMENT FROM NATURE contemplates the most common biological structure on this planet, a particular viral fold used widely as a structural template with phenomenal flexibility. The ingenious combination of structural stability with an enormous capacity to accommodate greatly different sized structures, and the ability to add embellishments that give new functions to parts makes this structure a unique Lego building block across biological Kingdoms. View in LinkedIn

COMPLEX ASSEMBLY. "The HK97 assembly pathway begins with self-assembly of the capsid protein, gp5, into pentamers and hexamers. A protease, gp4, cleaves gp5 at its N-terminus. Attachment of a portal protein, gp3, coupled with conformational changes leads to formation of a prohead or procapsid structure. Further conformational changes and crosslinking of gp5 monomers comprise further capsid maturation and lead to formation of a mature phage head." https://lnkd.in/d9B2fAQ View in LinkedIn

CENTRAL STRUCTURAL UNIT. "For many (if not all) bacterial and archaeal tailed viruses and eukaryotic Herpesvirdae the HK97-fold serves as the major architectural element in icosahedral capsid formation while still enabling the conformational flexibility required during assembly and maturation. Auxiliary proteins or Δ-domains strictly control assembly of multiple, identical, HK97-like subunits into procapsids with specific icosahedral symmetries, rather than aberrant non-icosahedral structures." http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0042682215001920 View in LinkedIn

CONSIDERABLE STRUCTURAL FLEXIBILITY. “Variations of the HK97-like fold can occur when the basic building blocks are connected in different order. Additionally, extra domains can be inserted at the E-loop or at the ends of the building blocks." http://www.aimspress.com/article/10.3934/biophy.2015.2.200/fulltext.html View in LinkedIn

NO WEAKEST LINK. "Like the armor, chainmail in viruses provides a thin yet durable layer to endure the internal force exerted by the encapsulated dsDNA. In both cases, chainmail may have been developed for its ability to maintain structural integrity. Indeed, unlike Borromean rings, breaking a single ring in a chainmail does not affect the integrity of the whole mail." (dsDNA = double stranded DNA). http://www.aimspress.com/article/10.3934/biophy.2015.2.200/fulltext.html View in LinkedIn

OVERSHADOWED BY HARD HEREDITY. "Epigenetics possesses a unique heuristic value in bringing back to center stage views that were buried in the twentieth century by the triumph of hard-heredity and the exclusion of non-Mendelian forms of inheritance. And this historical and diachronic reading of epigenetics has implications also on the present, synchronic level, that is, the global, non-Western reverberations of epigenetics." https://lnkd.in/dHbHGmK View in LinkedIn

HERETICAL. "I refer to the cultural and historical significance of epigenetics for the century-long struggle about what counts as inheritance in evolution...epigenetics, understood as the culmination of a heretic line in the history of biology, and the history of inheritance in particular, uncovers forgotten, marginal, and even disgraced traditions in biological thought." https://lnkd.in/dHbHGmK View in LinkedIn

"CHALLENGE to the central dogma of molecular biology: epigenetics." https://lnkd.in/dHbHGmK View in LinkedIn

ONCOGENESIS. "Transcripts of noncoding genome revealed new dimension of the molecular architecture of cancer and lncRNAs are involved in all stages of oncogenesis. Gene expression profiles analysis of various tumors showed that lncRNAs are deregulated and functional studies have demonstrated that lncRNAs are implicated in general mechanisms of carcinogenesis." (lncRNA = long non-coding RNA). https://lnkd.in/d2sxUZQ View in LinkedIn