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SEXUAL POLYMORPHISMS. "Many flowering plants possess sexual polymorphisms in which populations are composed of different mating types." https://lnkd.in/dWczCFf View in LinkedIn

CLONAL DISTANCE. "Tillers, corms, bulbs, rhizomes, and tubers are usually produced relatively close to the parent plant. In contrast, stolons, runners, and bulbils usually result in ramets located at further distances from the parent plant. This variation gives rise to different levels of clonal aggregation within populations and has led to the identification of two contrasting clonal strategies that differ in the degree of intermingling of clones." http://www.pnas.org/content/112/29/8859.full View in LinkedIn

FLEXIBLE OPTIONS. "Plant clonality is manifested by a range of growth strategies involving variation in the spatial arrangement of ramets within a clone (clonal architecture) and diverse organs of propagation. The organs vary in the extent to which they are capable of establishing an autonomous existence and function in regeneration, multiplication, and dispersal." http://www.pnas.org/content/112/29/8859.full View in LinkedIn

DISADVANTAGE #3. "In highly clonal populations in which sexual reproduction is very limited or absent, there is growing evidence that the accumulation of somatic mutations may result in reductions in fertility, potentially leading to the loss of sex." http://www.pnas.org/content/112/29/8859.full View in LinkedIn

HYBRID SWARMS IN RHODODENDRON. "We used morphological data from a hybrid swarm involving two Rhododendron species to showcase possible character combinations in intermediates." https://lnkd.in/dK-A3iM View in LinkedIn

DISADVANTAGE #2. "Vegetative reproduction has the potential to interfere with pollination and mating, resulting in reductions in the quantity and quality of offspring. This situation can occur when clonal dispersal disrupts the functioning of sexual systems, leading to the absence of mating groups required for outcrossing, or where very large clones experience fitness costs (inbreeding depression and pollen discounting) associated with geitonogamous (between flower) self-pollination because of large floral displays." http://www.pnas.org/content/112/29/8859.full View in LinkedIn

TAXONOMIC ERRORS. "New taxa are often described based only on herbarium specimens, not taking into account information from wild populations, significantly decreasing the potential to detect morphologies arising from hybridization at this crucial descriptive stage." https://lnkd.in/dK-A3iM View in LinkedIn

DISADVANTAGE #1. "If there are strong trade-offs between investment in sexual and vegetative reproduction, rapid clonal expansion may limit allocation to flowering and seed production." http://www.pnas.org/content/112/29/8859.full View in LinkedIn

MISTAKEN SPECIES. "Hybridization has become a focal topic in evolutionary biology, and many taxonomists are aware that the process occurs more frequently than previously assumed. Nonetheless many species and varieties are still described without explicitly considering the possibility of hybridization, especially in countries that have relatively short scientific histories, but which often possess the highest species diversities." https://lnkd.in/dK-A3iM View in LinkedIn

THREE DISADVANTAGES. "Despite the many advantages of vegetative reproduction, there is a growing recognition that clonal growth can also affect sexual reproduction in ways that may be detrimental to fitness. Three particular influences have been identified." http://www.pnas.org/content/112/29/8859.full View in LinkedIn