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POLYMORPHISM #2. "A second class of polymorphism involves species in which mating types are morphologically distinct and field observations can reveal their number and frequency in populations." http://www.pnas.org/content/112/29/8859.full View in LinkedIn

POLYMORPHISM #1. "The most common is homomorphic self-incompatibility, in which the mating types are morphologically indistinguishable and numerous." http://www.pnas.org/content/112/29/8859.full View in LinkedIn

SEXUAL POLYMORPHISMS. "Many flowering plants possess sexual polymorphisms in which populations are composed of different mating types." https://lnkd.in/dWczCFf View in LinkedIn

CLONAL DISTANCE. "Tillers, corms, bulbs, rhizomes, and tubers are usually produced relatively close to the parent plant. In contrast, stolons, runners, and bulbils usually result in ramets located at further distances from the parent plant. This variation gives rise to different levels of clonal aggregation within populations and has led to the identification of two contrasting clonal strategies that differ in the degree of intermingling of clones." http://www.pnas.org/content/112/29/8859.full View in LinkedIn

FLEXIBLE OPTIONS. "Plant clonality is manifested by a range of growth strategies involving variation in the spatial arrangement of ramets within a clone (clonal architecture) and diverse organs of propagation. The organs vary in the extent to which they are capable of establishing an autonomous existence and function in regeneration, multiplication, and dispersal." http://www.pnas.org/content/112/29/8859.full View in LinkedIn

DISADVANTAGE #3. "In highly clonal populations in which sexual reproduction is very limited or absent, there is growing evidence that the accumulation of somatic mutations may result in reductions in fertility, potentially leading to the loss of sex." http://www.pnas.org/content/112/29/8859.full View in LinkedIn

CONSERVATIVE TAXA ASSIGNMENT. "Hybrids growing in sympatry with their parents cannot necessarily be assumed to have a distinct genepool, and even if certain hybrids show higher fitness than the parents, it needs to be demonstrated that they have the potential to evolve into a coherent group under natural conditions. Before evidence has been collected in this regard, hybrids should rather be recorded as such rather than described as a taxon." https://lnkd.in/dK-A3iM View in LinkedIn

DISTINCT SPECIES PROPERTIES. "Such properties can, for example, include a distinct genepool or adaptation to a different habitat. Furthermore, the group should already share a common evolutionary history or have the potential to diverge." https://lnkd.in/dK-A3iM View in LinkedIn

BELL CURVE IN SPECIATION. "Darwin already noted that there is an evolutionary continuum between varieties and species. This implies that taxa described as varieties (or subspecies) should be groups of individuals that possess evolutionary relevant properties distinguishing them consistently from other members of the species." https://lnkd.in/dK-A3iM View in LinkedIn

INTERMEDIATE VERSUS PARENTAL. "While intermediacy is often the expected state in hybrids, it has been shown when averaging over several studies that only about half of the characters in hybrids for interspecific crosses were intermediate, with other characters approaching the morphology of one of the parents." https://lnkd.in/dK-A3iM View in LinkedIn