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MULTIPLE FISSION. "Microalgae divide by two mechanisms: binary and multiple fission. Binary fission is the division into two daughter cells, as seen in the majority of eukaryotic organisms; it also represents a transition to multiple fission" https://lnkd.in/dDMwBQq View in LinkedIn

ORGANELLE FISSION. "This form of asexual reproduction and cell division is also used by some organelles within eukaryotic organisms (e.g., mitochondria). Binary fission results in the reproduction of a living prokaryotic cell (or organelle) by dividing the cell into two parts, each with the potential to grow to the size of the original." https://lnkd.in/dwsn3wd) View in LinkedIn

INTRACELLULAR FISSION. "Epulopiscium spp., Metabacterium polyspora and the Segmented Filamentous Bacteria (SFB) form multiple intracellular offspring. For some of these bacteria, this process appears to be the only way to reproduce." https://lnkd.in/eqsJf6Q View in LinkedIn

CYTOPLASMIC FISSION. "Stanieria never undergoes binary fission. As it grows, the cellular DNA is replicated over and over, and the cell produces a thick extracellular matrix. The vegetative cell eventually transitions into a reproductive phase where it undergoes a rapid succession of cytoplasmic fissions to produce dozens or even hundreds of baeocytes." https://lnkd.in/eqsJf6Q View in LinkedIn

INTERNAL FISSION. "Still other bacteria "form internal offspring that develop within the cytoplasm of a larger "mother cell"." https://lnkd.in/eqsJf6Q View in LinkedIn

FILTER FEEDING TUNICATE BUDDING. “The development of budlets, buds and adult zooids in a colony is synchronized, and various developmental phases can be identified during the colonial blastogenetic cycle. Phases are univocally defined by the developmental stages of the three blastogenetic generations.” https://lnkd.in/eT3SfW4 View in LinkedIn

FAMILY WHISPERING. "Populations of sagebrush are genetically structured so that an individual is likely to be surrounded by other individuals that are close relatives. Here, we have demonstrated that plants communicate more effectively with kin and that this communication increases plant resistance to herbivores. Plants responded more effectively to the cues emitted by kin rather than strangers." http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/280/1756/20123062.short View in LinkedIn

"KIN SELECTION is facilitated by kin recognition, which allows organisms to favour relatives preferentially over strangers, reducing the costs of positive interactions. Kin and other multilevel selection has been demonstrated in plants, and self-incompatibility systems allow plants to discriminate against relatives in mating." http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/3/4/435.short View in LinkedIn

KIN VOLATILES. "A growing number of plants have been found to respond to volatile cues released when neighbours are damaged by herbivores to prime or increase their defences to future risk of attack. Sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) responded most effectively when volatile cues were emitted by genetically identical clones compared with strangers, suggesting the ability to distinguish self from non-self and to respond more strongly to ‘self’ signals." http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/280/1756/20123062.short View in LinkedIn

"KIN SELECTION THEORY recognizes that individuals increase their inclusive fitness through behaviour that increases the fitness of related individuals. While Hamilton's rule is usually invoked to explain altruism, it also applies to competition. If kin compete less with each other, individuals increase their direct fitness by not spending resources on competition, and their indirect fitness by not reducing the fitness of neighbouring relatives." https://lnkd.in/d7SNVuH View in LinkedIn