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FAMILY WHISPERING. "Populations of sagebrush are genetically structured so that an individual is likely to be surrounded by other individuals that are close relatives. Here, we have demonstrated that plants communicate more effectively with kin and that this communication increases plant resistance to herbivores. Plants responded more effectively to the cues emitted by kin rather than strangers." http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/280/1756/20123062.short View in LinkedIn

"KIN SELECTION is facilitated by kin recognition, which allows organisms to favour relatives preferentially over strangers, reducing the costs of positive interactions. Kin and other multilevel selection has been demonstrated in plants, and self-incompatibility systems allow plants to discriminate against relatives in mating." http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/3/4/435.short View in LinkedIn

KIN VOLATILES. "A growing number of plants have been found to respond to volatile cues released when neighbours are damaged by herbivores to prime or increase their defences to future risk of attack. Sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) responded most effectively when volatile cues were emitted by genetically identical clones compared with strangers, suggesting the ability to distinguish self from non-self and to respond more strongly to ‘self’ signals." http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/280/1756/20123062.short View in LinkedIn

"KIN SELECTION THEORY recognizes that individuals increase their inclusive fitness through behaviour that increases the fitness of related individuals. While Hamilton's rule is usually invoked to explain altruism, it also applies to competition. If kin compete less with each other, individuals increase their direct fitness by not spending resources on competition, and their indirect fitness by not reducing the fitness of neighbouring relatives." https://lnkd.in/d7SNVuH View in LinkedIn

VOLATILE ALARM SIGNALS. "Some plant species participate in more positive interaction with nearby plants, such as in warning other members of their population during a time of stress. Maize (Zea mays) has been shown to emit (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol (Z-3-ol) in response to leaf damage which may help to prime surrounding plants in order to prevent a herbivore attack." https://lnkd.in/d_tsqB7 View in LinkedIn

FUNGAL AND MICROBIAL KIN RECOGNITION. "Chemical communication plays an integral part in the rhizosphere and in larger ecological processes. The idea of kin recognition and perception of kin-specific chemical signals have long been recognized in microbial and animal models." https://lnkd.in/d_tsqB7 View in LinkedIn

DEADLY DODDER PLANT. "In addition, Cuscuta pentagona has the ability to recognize volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from the host tomato and, as a result, directs its growth accordingly in order to locate the host plants." https://lnkd.in/d_tsqB7 View in LinkedIn

KIN RECOGNITION IN ANIMALS. "Many animals are able to distinguish close relatives from strangers and to act differently towards their kin. Individuals are expected to behave preferentially towards kin to increase their inclusive fitness. For example, recognition of kin allows individuals to direct altruism towards kin, avoiding the costs of behaving altruistically towards strangers." http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/280/1756/20123062.short View in LinkedIn

CHEMICAL SIGNALS BETWEEN PLANTS. "General chemical communication between plants has been well established, especially with regard to the negative communication between plants of two different species. Recent studies have shown that plants, too, have the ability to recognize other plants in their surroundings based on relatedness and identity." https://lnkd.in/d_tsqB7 View in LinkedIn

COMMON BARRIER. "Often the rejected pollen was contributed by a related plant sharing the allele or by the plant itself; therefore, negative effects of inbreeding can be avoided. This recognition method is highly represented in angiosperms with estimates of up to 50% of the flowering plants." https://lnkd.in/d_tsqB7 View in LinkedIn