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KIN VOLATILES. "A growing number of plants have been found to respond to volatile cues released when neighbours are damaged by herbivores to prime or increase their defences to future risk of attack. Sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) responded most effectively when volatile cues were emitted by genetically identical clones compared with strangers, suggesting the ability to distinguish self from non-self and to respond more strongly to ‘self’ signals." http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/280/1756/20123062.short View in LinkedIn

"KIN SELECTION THEORY recognizes that individuals increase their inclusive fitness through behaviour that increases the fitness of related individuals. While Hamilton's rule is usually invoked to explain altruism, it also applies to competition. If kin compete less with each other, individuals increase their direct fitness by not spending resources on competition, and their indirect fitness by not reducing the fitness of neighbouring relatives." https://lnkd.in/d7SNVuH View in LinkedIn

VOLATILE ALARM SIGNALS. "Some plant species participate in more positive interaction with nearby plants, such as in warning other members of their population during a time of stress. Maize (Zea mays) has been shown to emit (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol (Z-3-ol) in response to leaf damage which may help to prime surrounding plants in order to prevent a herbivore attack." https://lnkd.in/d_tsqB7 View in LinkedIn

FUNGAL AND MICROBIAL KIN RECOGNITION. "Chemical communication plays an integral part in the rhizosphere and in larger ecological processes. The idea of kin recognition and perception of kin-specific chemical signals have long been recognized in microbial and animal models." https://lnkd.in/d_tsqB7 View in LinkedIn

DEADLY DODDER PLANT. "In addition, Cuscuta pentagona has the ability to recognize volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from the host tomato and, as a result, directs its growth accordingly in order to locate the host plants." https://lnkd.in/d_tsqB7 View in LinkedIn

KIN RECOGNITION IN ANIMALS. "Many animals are able to distinguish close relatives from strangers and to act differently towards their kin. Individuals are expected to behave preferentially towards kin to increase their inclusive fitness. For example, recognition of kin allows individuals to direct altruism towards kin, avoiding the costs of behaving altruistically towards strangers." http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/280/1756/20123062.short View in LinkedIn

SPECIALITY LIFESTYLE. "On the basis of their sequence similarities, we conclude that parthenogenesis bacteria and cytoplasmic incompatibility bacteria form a monophyletic group of microorganisms that 'specialize' in manipulating chromosome behaviour and reproduction of insects." http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v361/n6407/abs/361066a0.html View in LinkedIn

REPRODUCTIVE INTERFERENCE. "Both incompatibility and parthenogenesis microorganisms alter host chromosome behaviour during early mitotic divisions of the egg. Incompatibility bacteria act by interfering with paternal chromosome incorporation in fertilized eggs, whereas parthenogenesis bacteria prevent segregation of chromosomes in unfertilized eggs. These traits are adaptive for the microorganisms." http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v361/n6407/abs/361066a0.html View in LinkedIn

ONE CAUSE. "Cytoplasmically inherited microorganisms are widespread in insects and have been implicated as causes of female parthenogenesis (females developing from unfertilized eggs) and cytoplasmic incompatibility. Normal sexual reproduction can be restored by treatment with antibiotics." https://lnkd.in/gjrVa-U View in LinkedIn

PARTHENOGENESIS (Jesus birth) "is most simply defined as reproduction without fertilization. More specifically, it occurs when a female gamete develops a new individual without being fertilized by a male gamete. It is often called a form of "asexual reproduction," but it is more accurately defined as an incomplete form of sexual reproduction." https://lnkd.in/gaRTdQv View in LinkedIn