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ONE CAUSE. "Cytoplasmically inherited microorganisms are widespread in insects and have been implicated as causes of female parthenogenesis (females developing from unfertilized eggs) and cytoplasmic incompatibility. Normal sexual reproduction can be restored by treatment with antibiotics." https://lnkd.in/gjrVa-U View in LinkedIn

PARTHENOGENESIS (Jesus birth) "is most simply defined as reproduction without fertilization. More specifically, it occurs when a female gamete develops a new individual without being fertilized by a male gamete. It is often called a form of "asexual reproduction," but it is more accurately defined as an incomplete form of sexual reproduction." https://lnkd.in/gaRTdQv View in LinkedIn

PARTHENOGENESIS "is a natural form of asexual reproduction in which growth and development of embryos occur without fertilization. In animals, parthenogenesis means development of an embryo from an unfertilized egg cell and is a component process of apomixis." https://lnkd.in/g5zwmS2 View in LinkedIn

ARTIFICIAL PROPAGATION. "Manual root ball splitting, grafting and transplanting of smaller plant fragments from a large plant by humans can also be effective ways of using asexual fragmentation to propagate plant species." https://www.reference.com/science/organisms-can-reproduce-fragmentation-1ef1450618cbf65b View in LinkedIn

PLANT FRAGMENTATION. "Many plant species also use vegetative fragmentation to reproduce. Examples of plants that use vegetative fragmentation include liverworts from the genus Marchantia. Many plants such as raspberries, ferns, non-woody perennials and even the urban dandelion weed Taraxacum officinale utilize fragmentation for vegetative reproduction." https://www.reference.com/science/organisms-can-reproduce-fragmentation-1ef1450618cbf65b View in LinkedIn

FISSION FRAGMENTATION. "Prokaryotic organisms such as parasitic tapeworms, ribbon worms and flat worms, polyps forming the base of coral reefs and free-floating jellyfish use binary fission as a form of fragmentation." https://www.reference.com/science/organisms-can-reproduce-fragmentation-1ef1450618cbf65b View in LinkedIn

"PLOIDY refers to the number of sets of chromosomes in a cell. Diploid, meaning two chromosome sets, is the most common ploidy in animals. Diploid animals generally produce haploid gametes: for example, a mouse (M. musculus) has two genome sets (2n = 40) in somatic cells, and generates haploid (n = 20) sperm and oocytes. However, these haploid cells are generally limited in their life cycle." https://lnkd.in/gHK6Jfp View in LinkedIn

WHY SO PREVALENT. "We therefore suggest that constraints, resulting in an inability to overcome the changes in reproduction associated with the evolution of meiosis, should again be included in the debate over why sex is so prevalent." https://lnkd.in/gGTTSzx View in LinkedIn

HIGHER FITNESS. "The genetic data we present here, along with our previous work demonstrating higher fitness for sexual reproduction and developmental constraints on asexual reproduction, suggest that returning to an asexual mode of reproduction is improbable although there appears to be genetic variation in ability to reproduce sexually or asexually." https://lnkd.in/gGTTSzx View in LinkedIn

HARD TO GO BACK. "The evolution of sex itself may limit the ability of an organism to evolve parthenogenesis secondarily. Rather than asexual reproduction being at a competitive ecological disadvantage, constraints resulting from the evolution of meiosis and subsequent associated changes may place important limitations on the ability of an organism to return to an asexual mode of reproduction once sex has evolved." https://lnkd.in/gGTTSzx View in LinkedIn