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‘We are with you Catalunya’ – the revolt in Spain is bigger than flags and language. History is unfolding. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/oct/02/catalans-independence-revolt-spain-independence-flags?CMP=Share_iOSApp_Other View in LinkedIn

COMBINED SETS. "A well-known case is that of the Japanese wrinkled frogs, Rana rugosa, where separate XY and ZW populations exist. All four sex chromosomes are descendants of the same linkage group. They have diverged independently already carrying different sets of lethal genes." http://www.pnas.org/content/112/34/10575.full View in LinkedIn

US body clock scientists win Nobel prize http://www.cnn.com/2017/10/02/health/nobel-medicine-prize-circadian-rhythm/index.html View in LinkedIn

BATTLING FORCES. "The evolution of sex chromosomes is likely shaped by the interplay between sex-specific and sexually antagonistic forces, mechanistic constraints, and selective pressures to preserve the regulation of ancestral gene expression." https://lnkd.in/dX2rADH View in LinkedIn

WRONG OLDER THEORY. "We uncover a striking diversity of sex chromosome configurations in Diptera, concealed underneath superficially similar karyotypes displaying male heterogamety. This diversity is in sharp contrast to the theory that differentiated sex chromosomes are highly stable and unlikely to be replaced, exemplified by the mammalian X, and emphasizes the importance of studying a variety of clades to obtain a truly global understanding of sex chromosome evolution." https://lnkd.in/dX2rADH View in LinkedIn

EVOLUTION OF TWO SEXES. "Sex chromosomes evolved from ordinary autosomes that acquired a sex-determining function and stopped recombining. Over evolutionary time, sex chromosomes differentiate, and the sex-limited chromosome—which is entirely sheltered from recombination—degenerates." https://lnkd.in/dX2rADH View in LinkedIn

NO COMBINATION. "It is well understood that the idea that sex-determining genes should not recombine can explain the lack of recombination between X and Y chromosomes of animals such as Drosophila and mammals with male heterogamety (or Z and W in taxa with female heterogamety such as birds and Lepidoptera." https://lnkd.in/gCh5RAX View in LinkedIn

ANCIENT SILENCING MODULES. "These dosage systems cannot be identical by descent but were probably constructed from elements of ancient silencing mechanisms that are ubiquitous among vertebrates and shared throughout eukaryotes." https://lnkd.in/gWDQizV View in LinkedIn

SIMILAR MODULES. "Systems that compensate for different gene dosages include a wide range of global, regional and gene-by-gene processes that differ in their extent and their molecular mechanisms. However, many elements of these control systems are similar across distant phylogenetic divisions and show parallels to other gene silencing systems." https://lnkd.in/gWDQizV View in LinkedIn

DOSAGE. "Differentiated sex chromosomes in mammals and other vertebrates evolved independently but in strikingly similar ways. Vertebrates with differentiated sex chromosomes share the problems of the unequal expression of the genes borne on sex chromosomes, both between the sexes and with respect to autosomes. Dosage compensation of genes on sex chromosomes is surprisingly variable — and can even be absent — in different vertebrate groups." https://lnkd.in/gWDQizV View in LinkedIn