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"A FEMALE SUPPRESSOR can evolve in a gynodioecious population, despite lowering the reproductive fitness of females, provided that its allele on the proto-Y is linked to the locus causing male sterility in females, which defines a proto-X chromosome." http://www.nature.com/hdy/journal/v95/n2/full/6800697a.html View in LinkedIn

DNA REPLICATION. “Many plant cells also can continue DNA replication in the absence of mitosis, a process known as endoreduplication, causing polyploidy. Here, we review the molecular mechanisms that regulate cell division and endoreduplication and we discuss our understanding, albeit very limited, on how the cell cycle is integrated with plant development.” https://lnkd.in/gMU_Jac View in LinkedIn

SEPARATE EVOLUTION. "Plant or animal sex chromosomes that evolved recently from any of these ancestral states should contain a region with a cluster of sex-determining genes that are closely enough linked to allow separate sexes to evolve." https://lnkd.in/gCh5RAX View in LinkedIn

PLANT STATUS. "The most common ancestral state in plants is probably hermaphroditism, although dioecy can also evolve from monoecy (with developmentally well differentiated male and female flowers already having evolved)." http://www.nature.com/hdy/journal/v95/n2/full/6800697a.html View in LinkedIn

MORPHOLOGY. "Studies of a wide diversity of animal and plant species have found differing degrees of genetic and structural differentiation between the two sex chromosomes." http://www.nature.com/hdy/journal/v95/n2/full/6800697a.html View in LinkedIn

GENE EROSION. "The permanent heterozygosity of evolving Y or W chromosomes clearly favours the erosion of genes on these chromosomes, since the active counterparts on the X or Z chromosomes can maintain their functions, especially if dosage compensation evolves." http://www.nature.com/hdy/journal/v95/n2/full/6800697a.html View in LinkedIn

"TRANSPOSITIONS of autosomal genes have occurred onto established Y chromosomes in mammals. All genes known on the D. melanogaster Y appear to be male function genes without X chromosome counterparts, which were probably acquired from the autosomes." https://lnkd.in/gCh5RAX View in LinkedIn

RECOMBINATION. "Finally, sex chromosome systems, once established, have been modified in various ways that have no direct consequences for recombination frequencies." http://www.nature.com/hdy/journal/v95/n2/full/6800697a.html View in LinkedIn

CLEAR MORPHOLOGY. "Likewise, X-autosome fusions generate XY1Y2 systems, Z-autosome fusions generate ZW1W2 systems, and W-autosome fusions generate Z1Z2W systems. These neo-sex chromosome systems can often be identified by light microscopy, without molecular cloning or linkage mapping." https://lnkd.in/g2CPWtY View in LinkedIn

ODD NUMBER. "A fusion between a sex chromosome and an autosome is usually detected because it creates an odd number of chromosomes in one sex. With XY sex determination, a Y-autosome fusion creates an X1X2Y system, with the unfused homologue segregating as a neo-X chromosome." https://lnkd.in/g2CPWtY View in LinkedIn