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BIG FLEAS HAVE LITTLE FLEAS. “Likewise, arthropod vectors carrying human, animal or plant pathogens can be colonized by commensal and mutualistic microbes, which are then able to influence pathogen transmission.” https://lnkd.in/gEfVGaC View in LinkedIn

DYSBIOSIS CONCEPT. “ As exemplified by several studies on gut microbial communities, some commensal bacteria of the intestinal flora can become virulent under the influence of diverse factors, such as the actions of other micro-organisms (following horizontal gene transfer between commensal and pathogenic bacteria) or of antibiotics which cause shifts in microbiome composition.” https://lnkd.in/gEfVGaC View in LinkedIn

VAST ECOSYSTEMS. “Recent studies of infectious agents have clearly demonstrated that Koch and Hill's fundamental postulates of “one microbe—one disease” has shown its limits. Indeed, it is now established that many pathogens live and interact with other micro-organisms (not only bacteria, but also protists, fungi, viruses, or phages) in vast communities, all generating and participating in complex interactions that may influence or drive disease processes.” https://lnkd.in/gEfVGaC View in LinkedIn

NEW THINKING. “The concept of pathogenesis has evolved considerably over recent years, and the scenario “a microbe + virulence factors = disease” is probably far from reality in a number of cases.” https://lnkd.in/gEfVGaC View in LinkedIn

FRAGMENT FROM NATURE meditates on the significant shift from the concept of pathogen to that of the pathobiome. This is not just a conceptual issue, but has many practical implications. It is in line with a change in thinking from the “war on germs” to the idea that we are composed of an interacting community of microbes, the microbiome, and that health is related to the balance of the helpful microbes versus the pathological microbes, rather than an antibiotic-fueled scorched-earth policy that kills all of these players. View in LinkedIn

Astronomers find half of the missing matter in the universe https://www.theguardian.com/science/2017/oct/12/astronomers-find-half-of-the-missing-matter-in-the-universe?CMP=Share_iOSApp_Other View in LinkedIn

REPETITIVE DNA. "Given that the stickleback and papaya male-specific regions have accumulated repetitive DNA, they may have been isolated from recombination with X-linked homologues for quite long times. Divergence data for synonymous sites within coding sequences should help to estimate the time scales." http://www.nature.com/hdy/journal/v95/n2/full/6800697a.html View in LinkedIn

YOUNG SEX CHROMOSOMES. "In recently evolved sex chromosomes, degeneration is probably much slower than in neo-Y chromosomes. There is less opportunity for selection to cause reduced effective population sizes of Y- or W-specific genes, since only loci within the sex-specific region are probably relevant." http://www.nature.com/hdy/journal/v95/n2/full/6800697a.html View in LinkedIn

GUT MICROBIOME EXAMPLE. “For instance, as recently reviewed, the role of the gut microflora community is becoming increasingly recognized as a key factor in the onset of inflammatory diseases.” https://lnkd.in/gEfVGaC View in LinkedIn

REDUCED EXPRESSION. "It is possible that a build-up of transposable elements on a proto-Y or neo-Y could reduce gene expression on these chromosomes, through chromatin modification due to dsRNA interference, which is known to be associated with the presence of transposable elements." http://www.nature.com/hdy/journal/v95/n2/full/6800697a.html View in LinkedIn