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SEPARATE SEXES. "Ten percent or so of plant species have evolved floral unisexuality as spatial separation of their flowers. This can be manifested as monoecy, where the male and female organs are carried on separate flowers on the same plant, or dioecy, where male and female flowers are carried on separate male (staminate) or female (pistillate) individuals." https://lnkd.in/gb3zS32 View in LinkedIn

MOVE OVER STANLEY GIBBONS. "We identify species with undifferentiated sex chromosomes, others in which a different chromosome replaced the dot as a sex chromosome or in which up to three chromosomal elements became incorporated into the sex chromosomes, and others yet with female heterogamety (ZW sex chromosomes)." https://lnkd.in/dX2rADH View in LinkedIn

HERMAPHRODITE PLANTS. "The great majority of flowering plants (around 90%) produce flowers which are `perfect'; these hermaphroditic flowers are both staminate (with stamens) and pistillate (with one or more carpels)." https://lnkd.in/gb3zS32 View in LinkedIn

ACCUMULATION OF REPETITIVE DNA. "The Y or W sex chromosomes often accumulate various repetitive DNA as has been proven for humans, drosophila, fish, and reptiles." https://lnkd.in/gdTbmHn View in LinkedIn

REPETITIVE DNA. "The chromosomal localization of repetitive DNA was previously thought to be only a result of selection, but recent findings show that other factors such as targeting of TEs into specific chromosomal niches are also important." (TE = transposable elements). https://lnkd.in/gdTbmHn View in LinkedIn

JUMPING GENES. "Even closely related species often significantly differ in composition of their transposable elements or satellites." https://lnkd.in/gdTbmHn View in LinkedIn

CONTEXTUAL EVOLUTION. “Individual microorganisms evolve in the context of a community. In many ways, the evolution of a microorganism is influenced by selection pressures exerted by other microorganisms in the community. Mutation and gene flow are responsible for the creation of new genetic variants within populations.” https://lnkd.in/gEfVGaC View in LinkedIn

“ANTAGONISTIC EFFECTS have also been evidenced in the mosquito midgut between the bacteria Enterobacter sp. and the human malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, leading to reduced malaria transmission by mosquitoes.” https://lnkd.in/gEfVGaC View in LinkedIn

A DYNAMIC WEB. “Microorganisms cooperate, compete with, or even prey upon each other to better exploit resources. As with macroorganisms, competition for nutrients and space plays an important role in shaping microbial interactions.” https://lnkd.in/gEfVGaC View in LinkedIn

FRAGMENT FROM NATURE continues from last weekend on the theme of the pathobiome, and the change in thinking about diseases caused by microorganisms. It represents the confluence of modern biology with medicine, and how our concepts of organismal ecology have broader implications. Nature, it appears, is much more about interrelated connectedness than we ever thought before, including how we think about disease. View in LinkedIn