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FLOWER STRUCTURE AND WIND. "In wind pollinated plants (where there is a strong correlation with dioecy), sexual specialization of male and female flowers is common. Staminate flowers are often borne on long, pendulous and flexible in inflorescences which aid pollen dispersal, while female flowers and in inflorescences are generally more rigid and have feathery stigmas." https://lnkd.in/gb3zS32 View in LinkedIn

SCENT SEXUAL SELECTION. "Based on a survey of 33 gender-dimorphic species, Ashman (2009) found that in the majority of species male plants emitted more volatiles per flower than females, a result consistent with sexual selection." https://lnkd.in/ge7JD6J View in LinkedIn

FORM MATCHES FUNCTION. "The structure of the flower is clearly important in relation to pollen distribution and reception and in many hermaphroditic plant species flowers have evolved dramatically to suit particular pollination mechanisms." https://lnkd.in/gb3zS32 View in LinkedIn

SCENT DIMORPHISM. "There is a growing literature on the role of floral fragrance in pollinator attraction, raising the question of whether sexual dimorphism in floral scent occurs in dioecious species." https://lnkd.in/ge7JD6J View in LinkedIn

OUTCROSSING MECHANISMS. "The mechanisms in plants which promote outcrossing include the temporal separation of the maturation of the male and female organs within an otherwise perfect flower (dichogamy); self-incompatibility mechanisms, both sporophytic and gametophytic, where there is genetic control over the possible fertilization events, and dioecy, the spatial separation of the sexual organs on separate plants." https://lnkd.in/gb3zS32 View in LinkedIn

FLOWER PATTERNS. "In plants, flower pattern has been modified in a number of ways such that sexual reproduction involving outcrossing, and the consequent flow of genetic variation derived from mutation, is favoured (Darwin, 1876)." https://lnkd.in/gb3zS32 View in LinkedIn

NICHE ALTERATION DATA. "By growing plants of M. annus in soil previously occupied by females or males, Sánchez-Vilas and Pannell (2010) found that plants grown in soil in which females had previously grown were significantly smaller in terms of total biomass than those grown in soil previously occupied by males." https://lnkd.in/ge7JD6J View in LinkedIn

NICHE ALTERATION. "The possibility that the sexes modify their ecological niches had not been considered in any detail until recently, especially with regard to future offspring performance." https://lnkd.in/ge7JD6J View in LinkedIn

RESOURCE DIFFERENTIATION. "Sexual dimorphism in physiology and reproduction can result in the sexes requiring different resources from the environment, a phenomenon knows as the ‘Jack Sprat effect’." https://lnkd.in/ge7JD6J View in LinkedIn

IMPACT OF LATITUDE. "Based on a survey of 116 populations at the northern range limit of this species, the authors found a significant decline in the frequency of females with increasing latitude." https://lnkd.in/ge7JD6J View in LinkedIn