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ASYMMETRICAL ARMS RACE. "We apply this theory to explain a longstanding paradox in biology and medicine: the evolution of excessive defences against enemies. These so-called extraordinary defences can evolve in response to asymmetrical selection when marginal risks of insufficient defence exceed marginal costs of excessive defence." https://lnkd.in/e5R5vQe View in LinkedIn

STEPPING STONES. “Okay so one proton is hydrogen. Two protons is helium. Three protons is lithium, etc. So, that’s where you go up with the numbers. Whenever you see gold or lead, the first number is the number of protons and if you add another proton, you have a new element, right?” http://www.astronomycast.com/transcripts/AstroCast-080922_transcript.pdf View in LinkedIn

VESTIGIAL SELECTION REMNANT. “In a predator–prey example, snails from freshwater springs in northern Mexico develop shells that are 2–3 times harder than is necessary to withstand the maximum biting force of the local molluscivorous cichlid fish. Such defences have been attributed to environment-dependent fitness costs of defences and historical, but now absent, selection.” https://lnkd.in/e5R5vQe View in LinkedIn

STARTING POINT. “A fully ionized hydrogen atom is a proton. There is ionized hydrogen, proton — same thing.” http://www.astronomycast.com/transcripts/AstroCast-080922_transcript.pdf View in LinkedIn

SEVERE ALLERGY. “As a consequence, some individuals in a population might be vulnerable to anaphylactic shock, in which comparatively harmless allergens provoke potentially fatal systemic immune reactions.” https://lnkd.in/g3Bfjaa View in LinkedIn

Sprawling Maya network discovered under Guatemala jungle http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-42916261 View in LinkedIn

AUTODESTRUCTIVE DEFENSE. "Many organisms, including humans, develop autoimmune disorders, which effectively defend against enemies but compromise fitness by attacking healthy tissue." https://lnkd.in/e5R5vQe View in LinkedIn

WESTERN DIET and cancer. https://lnkd.in/exSAbw6 View in LinkedIn

SO ENDS this contemplation of the origin of the elements. Is it just the way that the human mind works that makes a seemingly chaotic universe appear orderly, when we can arrange the elements in an exquisitely logical and orderly sequence called the Periodic Table, or is there a genuine order to that swirling universe? Or that we can take a burning dying star and infer such linear equations of elemental synthesis from a planetary body in collapse? An important but hard to answer question. View in LinkedIn

'Ultra-processed' products now half of all UK family food purchases View in LinkedIn