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UNIQUE GENE HISTORIES. “Rather, a prokaryote’s core-genome may have one tree, while each and every component of its flex-genome will have an independent tree. Some horizontal gene transfer occurs even for genes in the core-genome, meaning that in principle every gene in a prokaryotic genome could have its own evolutionary history.” https://standardsingenomics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40793-016-0180-8 View in LinkedIn

“THE MODIOLUS is composed of dense compact fibromuscular tissue. It is first and foremost a mobile decussation between the muscles ending in it and the orbicularis oris muscle.” https://lnkd.in/dSmsCKn View in LinkedIn

IMPLICATIONS. “The implication of widespread horizontal gene transfer-induced genetic diversity is revelatory on two levels: (1) it disproves the thesis that, compared with multi-cellular eukaryotes, prokaryotic populations of invariant clones are evolutionary sluggards; and (2) it rules out the possibility of a single, true, whole-genome phylogenetic tree for any prokaryote or its pan-genome.” https://standardsingenomics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40793-016-0180-8 View in LinkedIn

BEAUTY BONE. “A prominent cheek-bone and a well-defined modiolus provide very important aspects of beauty and youth of the inferior part of the face.” https://page-one.live.cf.public.springer.com/pdf/preview/10.1007/s00238-001-0333-9 View in LinkedIn

PARALLEL IN EUKARYOTES. “The similarity to the pattern seen in some multi-cellular eukaryotes, such as aphids, that alternate between parthenogenetic and sexual reproduction is suggestive: both reproduce asexually in benign conditions, switching to a genetic-diversity-generating mechanism when conditions are harsh.” https://standardsingenomics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40793-016-0180-8 View in LinkedIn

BEAUTY MUSCLES. “When well developed, the two modioli make the mouth soft and provide the lateral boundaries of its natural esthetic unit, making the inferior portion of the face quite separate from the middle one.” https://page-one.live.cf.public.springer.com/pdf/preview/10.1007/s00238-001-0333-9 View in LinkedIn

IMPACT OF STRESS. “Furthermore, we know that the ability to acquire exogenous DNA (known as competence) can be adjusted by bacteria in response to environmental conditions, with competence generally increasing under conditions of stress.” https://lnkd.in/ewnQ9Vg View in LinkedIn

PROFOUND IMPLICATIONS. “One study carried out a full genomic assessment of several hundred individual marine bacteria ( Vibrio splendidus ) collected at the same location and found essentially no two alike. The potential implications of widespread acquisition genetics via horizontal gene transfer for an understanding of evolution are profound.” https://standardsingenomics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40793-016-0180-8 View in LinkedIn

SOURCE OF GRIST. Horizontal gene transfer has been providing the bulk of prokaryotic genetic novelty over time. https://standardsingenomics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40793-016-0180-8 View in LinkedIn

NOT ABOUT REPRODUCTION. Genes in the prokaryotic world have little to do with reproduction. They are shared liberally by horizontal gene transfers across species. In the eukaryotic world they are exclusively related to reproduction through vertical mendelian inheritance. https://lnkd.in/ewnQ9Vg View in LinkedIn