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MIMETIC MUSCLES. “Recent neurobiological evidence also supports the role of socioecological variables in the evolution of primate facial displays and mimetic muscle morphology. Sherwood found that primate species living in large, complex social groups had more facial nerve neurons than species living in small social groups, indicating more potential control over mimetic musculature contraction.” https://lnkd.in/di-WAXE View in LinkedIn

ANTITHESIS OF TRADITIONALITY. “Prokaryotes, with their non-mechanical relationship to the environment, their non-reproductive gene acquisition (horizontal gene transfer), their lack of enforced stability of genomic content, and their lack of differentiated somatic tissue, are the antithesis of multi-cellular eukaryotes organismal individuality.” https://standardsingenomics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40793-016-0180-8 View in LinkedIn

ALWAYS MORE COMPLEX. “A new synthesis has recently been formed wherein muscle morphology is understood within the framework of “ecomorphology,” the influences brought by social variables, dietary niche, and primary communication modes along with phylogeny in determining mimetic muscle morphology in any given species. Under this framework, mimetic musculature morphology is influenced heavily by social variables as well as phylogeny.” https://lnkd.in/di-WAXE View in LinkedIn

PHYLOGENY. “Our traditional understanding of primate mimetic muscle morphology was firmly entrenched in phylogeny. Muscle number and complexity (high complexity being numerous, small muscles with discrete attachment sites) were conceptualized as ascending along the phylogenetic scale with greatest complexity achieved at Homo sapiens.” https://lnkd.in/di-WAXE View in LinkedIn

COMPARATIVE ANATOMY. “Recent investigations into mimetic musculature across a broad phylogenetic range of primates have revealed a more complex picture of mimetic musculature morphology than previously thought.” https://lnkd.in/di-WAXE View in LinkedIn

SOCIAL FUNCTIONS. “Facial displays are generated by mimetic musculature. These displays help regulate and maintain social bonds and organization by cueing individuals to the emotional and behavioral intentions of the sender.” https://lnkd.in/di-WAXE View in LinkedIn

EMOTION SIGNALS. “The evolution of trichromatic vision and high visual acuity within Old World primates have been partially linked to their extensive and frequent use of visual communication including facial displays.” https://lnkd.in/di-WAXE View in LinkedIn

FRAGMENT FROM NATURE concludes this weekend on the anatomic drivers of the exquisitely nuanced human face. The human face is a derived mask, a derivative from our animal lineage, as shown by comparative anatomy. It has also derivative functions, from orifice control (eyes, nose, mouth). This patchwork of adaptations from other functions and other creatures is what makes the Mona Lisa smile. View in LinkedIn

HUMAN MID-FACE. “These five layers are concentric and continuous, covering the entire face and scalp, but with variable expression of each layer according to the function of the particular region.” https://lnkd.in/di-WAXE View in LinkedIn

NUTS AND BOLTS. “The anatomy of the human mid-face can be conceptualized as five basic tissue layers: (1) skin, (2) subcutaneous adipose, (3) musculoaponeurotic, (4) loose areolar tissue and retaining ligaments, and (5) deep fascia including periosteum.” https://lnkd.in/di-WAXE View in LinkedIn