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HOME BREW VACCINE. “Although sometimes embarrassed by a lack of supply, Jenner sent vaccine to his medical acquaintances and to anyone else who requested it.” https://lnkd.in/eQfnZZv View in LinkedIn

UNINTENDED CONSEQUENCES. “Some people recognized that the practice of variolation not only increased the incidence and prevalence of the disease in England, but that the practice had also probably increased the severity of the disease. Because of these beliefs, variolation was made illegal for a time in mid-century, across the channel in France. It was also eventually made illegal in England in 1840.” https://lnkd.in/ettvWHm View in LinkedIn

EXACT VACCINE UNCERTAIN. “Some modern virologists believe that the vaccine used to immunize people throughout the 19th century was closer in form to smallpox than to cowpox; in other words, that vaccination was variolation by another name. The truth is that we just don’t know —and because no samples of the 19th century vaccine survive, we may never know.” https://lnkd.in/eYNfQxg View in LinkedIn

VACCINE ACCEPTANCE. “Despite errors, many controversies, and chicanery, the use of vaccination spread rapidly in England, and by the year 1800, it had also reached most European countries.” https://lnkd.in/eQfnZZv View in LinkedIn

STILL UNKNOWN. “The recent discovery of giant viruses infecting protists shows that we are still far from saturation in the study of viral diversity. Nevertheless, paraphrasing Einstein, the most astonishing finding about the virus world is that its history appears to be tractable.” http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/nyas.12728/full View in LinkedIn

SAD COLLATERAL DAMAGE. “Jenner’s son died at age 21 from tuberculosis, which has been linked to the smallpox vaccine. Despite his death, Jenner continued testing his vaccine on many others producing varying results such as vaccine-induced smallpox and vaccine-induced tuberculosis.” https://lnkd.in/dJxnizw View in LinkedIn

EXPLOSIVE DIVERSITY. “The world of viruses and selfish elements is enormously diverse, even when one considers only viruses with a certain type of genomic nucleic acid (dsDNA) that infect hosts from only one domain of cellular life (eukaryotes).” http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/nyas.12728/full View in LinkedIn

GROWING POPULARITY. “In London, vaccination became popular through the activities of others, particularly the surgeon Henry Cline, to whom Jenner had given some of the inoculant. Later in 1799, Drs. George Pearson and William Woodville began to support vaccination among their patients.” https://lnkd.in/eQfnZZv View in LinkedIn

PUTTING HUMPTY BACK TOGETHER AGAIN. “Neuroscience, physiology, and ecology all converged independently on the idea that it was as important to study and model the system of parts and their interactions as to fully analyze the individual parts alone.” https://bmcsystbiol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1752-0509-8-S2-S1 View in LinkedIn

FAILINGS OF REDUCTIONISM. “Several subfields of biology have discovered independently that detailed studies of the structure and function of individual parts in detail did not give them a good understanding of the emergent properties of the interactions of many parts within a whole system.” https://bmcsystbiol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1752-0509-8-S2-S1 View in LinkedIn